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Release Date 1995 Runtime 140Minute Info Apollo 13 is a movie starring Tom Hanks, Bill Paxton, and Kevin Bacon. NASA must devise a strategy to return Apollo 13 to Earth safely after the spacecraft undergoes massive internal damage putting the lives of the three astronauts rating 8,4 of 10 stars liked it 254196 Votes directed by Ron Howard.
Apollo 13 explosion. Apollo 13 disaster. Apollo 13 launch scene. Apollo 13or. Actually, Lovell never said Houston, we have a problem. He said Houston, we've had a problem. The line was changed for the film, and is so often misquoted, that most have forgotten, or simply never knew, the actual quote. Apollo 13 online. Apollo 13 quotes. Apollo 13 deaths. Written By William Broyles, Jr. (screenplay), Al Reinert (screenplay), Jim Lovell and Jeffrey Kluger (book "Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13") Release Date 30 June 1995 (USA) Rating Budget $62, 000, 000 (estimated) Gross $334, 100, 000 (worldwide) Apollo 13 is a 1995 American docudrama film directed by Ron Howard. The film stars Tom Hanks, Kevin Bacon, Bill Paxton, Gary Sinise, Kathleen Quinlan and Ed Harris. The screenplay by William Broyles, Jr. and Al Reinert, that dramatizes the 1970 Apollo 13 lunar mission, is an adaptation of the book Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 by astronaut Jim Lovell and Jeffrey Kluger. The film depicts astronauts Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haise aboard Apollo 13 for America's third Moon landing mission. En route, an on-board explosion deprives their spacecraft of most of its oxygen supply and electric power, forcing NASA's flight controllers to abort the Moon landing, and turning the mission into a struggle to get the three men home safely. Howard went to great lengths to create a technically accurate movie, employing NASA's technical assistance in astronaut and flight controller training for his cast, and even obtaining permission to film scenes aboard a reduced gravity aircraft for realistic depiction of the "weightlessness" experienced by the astronauts in space. Released in the United States on June 30, 1995, Apollo 13 garnered critical acclaim and was nominated for many awards, with nine Academy Awards including Best Picture; it won for Best Film Editing and Best Sound. [1] In total, the film grossed over $355 million worldwide during its theatrical releases. Plot Edit On July 20, 1969, veteran astronaut Jim Lovell ( Tom Hanks) hosts a party for other astronauts and their families, who watch on television as their colleague Neil Armstrong takes his first steps on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission. Lovell, who orbited the Moon on Apollo 8, tells his wife Marilyn ( Kathleen Quinlan) that he intends to return, to walk on its surface. On October 30, while giving a VIP tour of NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building, Lovell is informed by his boss Deke Slayton that he and his crew will fly the Apollo 13 mission instead of Apollo 14. Lovell, Ken Mattingly ( Gary Sinise), and Fred Haise ( Bill Paxton) begin training for their new mission. Days before launch, it is discovered that Mattingly was exposed to measles, and the flight surgeon demands his replacement with Mattingly's backup, Jack Swigert ( Kevin Bacon), as a safety precaution. Lovell resists breaking up his team, but relents after Slayton gives him the choice of either accepting the switch, or else being bumped to a later mission. As the launch date approaches, Marilyn's fears for her husband's safety manifest in nightmares, but she goes to Cape Kennedy the night before launch, to see him off despite her misgivings. On April 11, 1970, Apollo 13 Flight Director Gene Kranz ( Ed Harris) gives the go-ahead from Houston's Mission Control Center for launch. As the Saturn V rocket climbs into the sky, an engine on the second stage cuts off prematurely, but the craft successfully reaches Earth orbit. After the third stage fires, sending Apollo 13 on a trajectory to the Moon, Swigert docks the Command/Service Module Odyssey with the Lunar Module Aquarius, and pulls it away from the spent stage. Three days into the mission, the crew send a live television transmission from Odyssey, but the networks, believing the public now regards lunar missions as routine, decline to carry the broadcast live. Swigert is told to perform a standard housekeeping procedure of stirring the two liquid oxygen tanks in the Service Module. When he flips the switch, one tank explodes, emptying its contents into space and sending the craft tumbling. The other tank is soon found to be leaking, prompting Mission Control to abort the Moon landing, and forcing Lovell and Haise to hurriedly power up Aquarius as a "lifeboat" for the return home, while Swigert shuts down Odyssey before its battery power runs out. On Earth, Kranz rallies his team to do what is necessary to get the astronauts home safely, declaring "failure is not an option. " Controller John Aaron recruits Mattingly to help him figure out how to restart Odyssey for the final return to Earth. As Swigert and Haise watch the Moon passing beneath them, Lovell laments his lost chance of walking on its surface, then turns their attention to the task of getting home. With Aquarius running on minimum systems to conserve power, the crew is soon subjected to freezing conditions. Swigert suspects Mission Control is unable to get them home and is withholding this from them. In a fit of rage, Haise blames Swigert's inexperience for the accident; the ensuing argument is quickly squelched by Lovell. When the carbon dioxide exhaled by the astronauts reaches the Lunar Module's filter capacity and approaches dangerous levels, an engineering team quickly invents a way to make the Command Module's square filters work in the Lunar Module's round receptacles. With the guidance systems on Aquarius shut down, and despite Haise's fever and miserable living conditions, the crew succeeds in making a difficult but vital course correction by manually igniting the Lunar Module's engine. Mattingly and Aaron struggle to find a way to power up the Command Module with its limited available power, but finally succeed and transmit the procedures to Swigert, who successfully restarts Odyssey by transmitting extra power from Aquarius. When the Service Module is jettisoned, the crew finally see the extent of the damage and prepare for re-entry, unsure whether Odyssey' s heat shield is intact. If it is not, they will burn up. They release Aquarius and re-enter the Earth's atmosphere in Odyssey. After a tense, longer than normal period of radio silence due to ionization blackout, the astronauts report all is well and splash down in the Pacific Ocean. The three men are brought aboard the aircraft carrier USS Iwo Jima. As the astronauts are given a hero's welcome on deck, Lovell's narration describes the events that follow their return from space—including the investigation into the explosion, and the subsequent careers and lives of Haise, Swigert, Mattingly and Kranz—and ends wondering when mankind will return to the Moon. Videos Edit Cast Edit Top to bottom: Hanks, Bacon and Paxton, who portray astronauts Lovell, Swigert and Haise respectively. Tom Hanks as Apollo 13 Commander Jim Lovell. Jim Lovell stated that before the book was even written, the rights were being shopped to potential buyers [2] and that his first reaction was that actor Kevin Costner would be a good choice to play him. [4] However, by the time Howard acquired the director's position, Costner's name never came up in serious discussion, and Hanks had already been interested in doing a film based on Apollo 13. When Hanks' representative informed him that there was a script being passed around, he had the script sent to him. [2] John Travolta was initially offered the role of Lovell, but declined. [5] Gary Sinise as Apollo 13 prime Command Module Pilot (CMP) Ken Mattingly. Sinise was invited by Howard to read for any of the characters, and chose Mattingly. [2] Kevin Bacon as Apollo 13 backup CMP Jack Swigert. Bill Paxton as Apollo 13 Lunar Module Pilot Fred Haise. Ed Harris as White team Flight Director Gene Kranz. Harris described the film as "cramming for a final exam". Harris described Gene Kranz as "corny and like a dinosaur", but was respected by the crew. [2] Kathleen Quinlan as Lovell's wife Marilyn. Chris Ellis as Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton. Joe Spano as "NASA Director", a composite character based loosely on Chris Kraft. Marc McClure as Black team Flight Director Glynn Lunney. Clint Howard as White team EECOM (Electrical, Environmental and Consumables Manager) Sy Liebergot. Ray Mckinnon as White team FIDO (Flight Dyamics Officer). Loren Dean as EECOM John Aaron. Xander Berkeley as "Henry Hurt", a fictional NASA Office of Public Affairs staff member. [6] David Andrews as Apollo 12 Commander Pete Conrad Christian Clemenson as Flight surgeon Dr. Charles Berry Ben Marley as Apollo 13 backup Commander John Young Brett Cullen as CAPCOM Bill Pogue Tracy Reiner as Haise's then-wife Mary Mary Kate Schellhardt as Lovell's older daughter Barbara. Max Elliott Slade as Lovell's older son James (Jay), who attended military school at the time of the flight. Emily Ann Lloyd as Lovell's younger daughter Susan. Miko Hughes as Lovell's younger son Jeffrey. Thom Barry as an orderly at Blanch's retirement home. Chauntal Lewis as Roxanne Strybos (Susan's Friend) (uncredited) The real Jim Lovell appears as captain of the recovery ship USS Iwo Jima. Horror film director Roger Corman, a mentor of Howard, appears as a congressman being given a VIP tour by Lovell of the Saturn V Vehicle Assembly Building, as it had become something of a tradition for Corman to make a cameo appearance in his proteges' films. [7] The real Marilyn Lovell appeared among the spectators during the launch sequence. CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite appears in archive news footage and can be heard in newly recorded announcements, some of which he edited himself to sound more authentic. In addition to his brother, Clint Howard, several other members of Ron Howard's family appear in the movie: Rance Howard (his father) appears as the Lovell family minister. Jean Speegle Howard (his mother) appears as Lovell's mother Blanch. Cheryl Howard (his wife) and Bryce Dallas Howard (his daughter) appear as uncredited background performers in the scene where the astronauts wave goodbye to their families. Brad Pitt was offered a role in the film, but turned it down to star in Se7en. [9] Reportedly, the real Pete Conrad expressed interest in appearing in the film. Jeffrey Kluger appears as a television reporter. Production Edit Pre-production and props Edit While planning the film, director Ron Howard decided that every shot of the film would be original and that no mission footage would be used. [10] The spacecraft interiors were constructed by the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center's Space Works, who also restored the Apollo 13 Command Module. Two individual Lunar Modules and two Command Modules were constructed for filming. While each was a replica, composed of some of the original Apollo materials, they were built so that different sections were removable, which enabled filming to take place inside the capsules. Space Works also built modified Command and Lunar Modules for filming inside a Boeing KC-135 reduced gravity aircraft, and the pressure suits worn by the actors, which are exact reproductions of those worn by the Apollo astronauts, right down to the detail of being airtight. When the actors put the suits on with their helmets locked in place, air was pumped into the suits to cool them down and allow them to breathe, exactly as in launch preparations for the real Apollo missions. [11] The real Mission Control consist of two control rooms located on the second and third floors of Building 30 at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. NASA offered the use of the control room for filming but Howard declined, opting instead to make his own replica from scratch. [10] Production designer Michael Corenblith and set decorator Merideth Boswell were in charge of the construction of the Mission Control set at Universal Studios. The set was equipped with giant rear-screen projection capabilities and a complex set of computers with individual video feeds to all the flight controller stations. The actors playing the flight controllers were able to communicate with each other on a private audio loop. [11] The Mission Control room built for the film was on the ground floor. [10] One NASA employee who was a consultant for the film said that the set was so realistic that he would leave at the end of the day and look for the elevator before remembering he was not in Mission Control. By the time the film was made, the USS Iwo Jima had been scrapped, so her sister ship, the USS New Orleans, was used as the recovery ship instead. [10] "For actors, being able to actually shoot in zero gravity as opposed to being in incredibly painful and uncomfortable harnesses for special effects shots was all the difference between what would have been a horrible moviemaking experience as opposed to the completely glorious one that it actually was. " —Tom Hanks [11] Howard anticipated difficulty in portraying weightlessness in a realistic manner. He discussed this with Steven Spielberg, who suggested using a KC-135 airplane, which can be flown in such a way as to create about 23 seconds of weightlessness, a method NASA has always used to train its astronauts for space flight. Howard obtained NASA's permission and assistance in filming in the realistic conditions aboard multiple KC-135 flights. [12] Cast training and filming Edit To prepare for their roles in the film, Hanks, Paxton, and Bacon all attended the U. S. Space Camp in Huntsville, Alabama. While there, astronauts Jim Lovell and David Scott, commander of Apollo 15, did actual training exercises with the actors inside a simulated Command Module and Lunar Module. The actors were also taught about each of the 500 buttons, toggles, and switches used to operate the spacecraft. The actors then traveled to Johnson Space Center in Houston where they flew in NASA's KC-135 reduced gravity aircraft to simulate weightlessness in outer space. While in the KC-135, filming took place in bursts of 25 seconds, the length of each period of weightless that the plane could produce. The filmmakers eventually flew 612 parabolas which added up to a total of three hours and 54 minutes of weightlessness. Parts of the Command Module, Lunar Module and the tunnel that connected them were built by production designer Michael Corenblith, art directors David J. Bomba and Bruce Alan Miller and their crew to fit inside the KC-135. Filming in such an environment, while never done before for a film, was a tremendous time saver. In the KC-135, the actors moved wherever they wanted, surrounded by floating props; the camera and cameraman were weightless so filming could take place on any axis from which a shot could be set up. In Los Angeles, Ed Harris and all the actors portraying flight controllers enrolled in a Flight Controller School led by Gerry Griffin, an Apollo 13 flight director, and flight controller Jerry Bostick. The actors studied audiotapes from the mission, reviewed hundreds of pages of NASA transcripts and attended a crash course in physics. [10] [11] Astronaut Dave Scott was impressed with their efforts, stating that each actor was determined to make every scene technically correct, word for word. [2] Soundtrack Edit Apollo 13 (film) {{{artist}}} Professional ratings Review scores Source Allmusic [13] [14] SoundtrackNet [15] Tracksounds [16] The score to Apollo 13 was composed and conducted by James Horner. The soundtrack was released in 1995 by MCA Records and has seven tracks of score, eight period songs used in the film, and seven tracks of dialogue by the actors at a running time of nearly seventy-three minutes. The music also features solos by vocalist Annie Lennox and Tim Morrison on the trumpet. The score was a critical success and garnered Horner an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score. [17] Apollo 13: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack No. Title Length 1. "Main Title" 1:32 2. "One Small Step" 0:42 3. "Night Train" (performed by James Brown) 3:27 4. "Groovin'" (performed by The Young Rascals) 2:26 5. "Somebody to Love" (performed by Jefferson Airplane) 2:55 6. "I Can See for Miles" (performed by The Who) 4:09 7. "Purple Haze" (performed by Jimi Hendrix) 2:48 8. "Launch Control" 3:28 9. "All Systems Go/The Launch" 6:39 10. "Welcome to Apollo 13" 0:38 11. "Spirit in the Sky" (performed by Norman Greenbaum) 3:50 12. "House Cleaning/Houston, We Have a Problem" 1:34 13. "Master Alarm" 2:54 14. "What's Going On? " 0:34 15. "Into the L. E. M. " 3:43 16. "Out of Time/Shut Her Down" 2:20 17. "The Darkside of the Moon" (performed by Annie Lennox) 5:09 18. "Failure is Not an Option" 1:18 19. "Honky Tonkin'" (performed by Hank Williams) 2:42 20. "Blue Moon" (performed by The Mavericks) 21. "Waiting for Disaster/A Privilege" 0:43 22. "Re-Entry & Splashdown" 9:05 23. "End Titles" (performed by Annie Lennox) 5:34 Release Edit The film was released on 30 June 1995 in North America and on 22 September 1995 in the UK. In 2002 the film was re-released in IMAX. It was the first film to be digitally remastered using IMAX DMR technology. [18] Box-office performance Edit The film was a box-office success, gaining $355, 237, 933 worldwide. [19] The film's widest release was 2, 347 theaters. [19] The film's opening weekend and the latter two weeks placed it at #1 with a US gross of $25, 353, 380, which made up 14. 7% of the total US gross. [19] Apollo 13 box office revenue Source Gross ( USD)% Total All time rank (unadjusted) US $173, 837, 933 [19] 48. 9% 126 [19] Non-US $181, 400, 000 [19] 51. 1% N/A Worldwide $355, 237, 933 [19] 100. 0% 140 [19] Reception Edit Apollo 13 received very positive reviews from film critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film has an overall approval rating of 97% based on 51 reviews, with a weighted average score of 8/10. [20] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized 0–100 rating to reviews from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 77 based on 22 reviews. [21] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film in his review saying: "A powerful story, one of the year's best films, told with great clarity and remarkable technical detail, and acted without pumped-up histrionics. " [22] Richard Corliss from Time Magazine highly praised the film, saying: "From lift-off to splashdown, Apollo 13 gives one hell of a ride. " [23] Edward Guthmann of San Francisco Chronicle gave a mixed review and wrote: "I just wish that Apollo 13 worked better as a movie, and that Howard's threshold for corn, mush and twinkly sentiment weren't so darn wide. " [24] Peter Travers from Rolling Stone Magazine praised the film and wrote: "Howard lays off the manipulation to tell the true story of the near-fatal 1970 Apollo 13 mission in painstaking and lively detail. It's easily Howard's best film. " [25] Janet Maslin made the film an NYT Critics' Pick, calling it an “absolutely thrilling” film that “unfolds with perfect immediacy, drawing viewers into the nail-biting suspense of a spellbinding true story”. According to Maslin, “like "Quiz Show, " "Apollo 13" beautifully evokes recent history in ways that resonate strongly today. Cleverly nostalgic in its visual style (Rita Ryack's costumes are especially right), it harks back to movie making without phony heroics and to the strong spirit of community that enveloped the astronauts and their families. Amazingly, this film manages to seem refreshingly honest while still conforming to the three-act dramatic format of a standard Hollywood hit. It is far and away the best thing Mr. Howard has done (and " Far and Away " was one of the other kind). ” [26] Ron Howard stated that, after the first test preview of the film, one of the comment cards indicated "total disdain"; the audience member had written that it was a "typical Hollywood" ending and that the crew would never have survived. [27] Marilyn Lovell praised Quinlan's portrayal of her, stating she felt she could feel what Quinlan's character was going through, and remembered how she felt in her mind. [2] Home media Edit A 10th-anniversary DVD of the film was released in 2005; it included both the theatrical version and the IMAX version, along with several extras. [28] The IMAX version has a 1. 66:1 aspect ratio. [29] In 2006, Apollo 13 was released on HD DVD; on 13 April 2010, it was released on Blu-ray disc, on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 13 accident (Central Standard Time). [28] Accolades Edit Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref. 1996 Academy Awards (1996) Best Film Editing Mike Hill and Daniel Hanley Won [1] Best Sound Rick Dior, Steve Pederson, Scott Millan, David MacMillan Best Actor in a Supporting Role Ed Harris (lost to Kevin Spacey in Usual Suspects) Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Kathleen Quinlan (lost to Mira Sorvino in Mighty Aphrodite) Best Art Direction Michael Corenblith (art director), Merideth Boswell (set decorator) (lost to Restoration) Best Original Dramatic Score James Horner (lost to Il Postino) Best Picture Brian Grazer (lost to Braveheart) Best Visual Effects Robert Legato, Michael Kanfer, Leslie Ekker, Matt Sweeney (lost to Babe) Best Adapted Screenplay William Broyles Jr., Al Reinert (lost to Sense & Sensibility) American Cinema Editors (Eddies) Best Edited Feature Film Mike Hill, Daniel P. Hanley American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases Dean Cundey BAFTA Film Awards Best Production Design Michael Corenblith Outstanding Achievement in Special Visual Effects Robert Legato, Michael Kanfer, Matt Sweeney, Leslie Ekker Best Cinematography Best Editing Mike Hill, Daniel Hanley David MacMillan, Rick Dior, Scott Millan, Steve Pederson Casting Society of America (Artios) Best Casting for Feature Film, Drama Jane Jenkins, Janet Hirshenson Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Apollo 13 Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Ron Howard, Carl Clifford, Aldric La'Auli Porter, Jane Paul Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Ed Harris as Gene Kranz Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Kathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Lovell Best Director – Motion Picture Ron Howard Best Motion Picture – Drama Heartland Film Festival Studio Crystal Heart Award Jeffrey Kluger Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation MTV Movie Awards Best Male Performance Tom Hanks as Jim Lovell Best Movie PGA Golden Laurel Awards Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award Brian Grazer, Todd Hallowell Saturn Awards Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Outstanding Performance by a Cast Kevin Bacon, Tom Hanks, Ed Harris, Bill Paxton, Kathleen Quinlan and Gary Sinise Space Foundation's Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award Best Family Feature – Drama [30] Writers Guild of America Awards Best Screenplay Adapted from Another Medium William Broyles Jr., Al Reinert Young Artist Awards 2005 American Film Institute AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes "Houston, we have a problem. " (#50) [31] 2006 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers Apollo 13 (#12) Technical and historical accuracy Edit The dialogue between ground control and the astronauts was taken verbatim from transcripts and recordings, with the exception of one of the taglines of the film, "Houston, we have a problem. " (This quote was voted #50 on the list " AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes ". ) According to the mission transcript, the actual words uttered by Jack Swigert were "I believe we've had a problem here. " (talking over Haise, who had started "Ok, Houston"). Ground control responded by saying "This is Houston, say again please. " Jim Lovell then repeated "Ah, Houston, we've had a problem. " [32] The tagline "Failure is not an option", stated in the film by Gene Kranz, also became very popular, but was not taken from the historical transcripts. The following story relates the origin of the phrase, from an email by Apollo 13 Flight Dynamics Officer Jerry Bostick: "As far as the expression 'Failure is not an option', you are correct that Kranz never used that term. In preparation for the movie, the script writers, Al Reinart and Bill Broyles, came down to Clear Lake to interview me on 'What are the people in Mission Control really like? ' One of their questions was 'Weren't there times when everybody, or at least a few people, just panicked? ' My answer was 'No, when bad things happened, we just calmly laid out all the options, and failure was not one of them. We never panicked, and we never gave up on finding a solution. ' I immediately sensed that Bill Broyles wanted to leave and assumed that he was bored with the interview. Only months later did I learn that when they got in their car to leave, he started screaming, 'That's it! That's the tag line for the whole movie, Failure is not an option. Now we just have to figure out who to have say it. ' Of course, they gave it to the Kranz character, and the rest is history. " [33] A DVD commentary track, recorded by Jim and Marilyn Lovell and included with both the original and 10th-anniversary editions, [28] mentions several inaccuracies included in the film, all done for reasons of artistic license: "We were working and watching the controls during that time. Because we came in shallow, it took us longer coming through the atmosphere where we had ionization. And the other thing was that we were just slow in answering. " —Jim Lovell, on the real reason for the delay in replying after Apollo 13's four-minute re-entry into Earth's atmosphere [34] In the film, Mattingly plays a key role in solving a power consumption problem that Apollo 13 was faced with as it approached re-entry. Lovell points out in his commentary that Mattingly was a composite of several astronauts and engineers—including Charles Duke (whose rubella led to Mattingly's grounding)—all of whom played a role in solving that problem. When Jack Swigert is getting ready to dock with the LM, a concerned NASA technician says: "If Swigert can't dock this thing, we don't have a mission. " Lovell and Haise also seem worried. In his DVD commentary, the real Jim Lovell says that if Swigert had been unable to dock with the LM, he or Haise could have done it. He also says that Swigert was a well-trained Command Module pilot and that no one was really worried about whether he was up to the job, [34] but he admitted that it made a nice sub-plot for the film. A scene set the night before the launch, showing the astronauts' family members saying their goodbyes while separated by a road, to reduce the possibility of any last-minute transmission of disease, depicted a tradition not begun until the Space Shuttle program. The film depicts Marilyn Lovell dropping her wedding ring down a shower drain. According to Jim Lovell, this did occur, [34] but the drain trap caught the ring and his wife was able to retrieve it. Lovell has also confirmed that the scene in which his wife had a nightmare about him being "sucked through an open door of a spacecraft into outer space" also occurred, though he believes the nightmare was prompted by her seeing a scene in Marooned, a 1969 film they saw three months before Apollo 13 blasted off. [34] See also Edit From the Earth to the Moon, a documentary mini-series based around the Apollo missions. Marooned, a 1969 film directed by John Sturges, about astronauts marooned in an Apollo Command/Service Module. References Edit Template:Include-NASA ↑ 1. 0 1. 1 Academy Awards, USA: 1996. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved on 8 April 2009. ↑ 2. 0 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 Lost Moon: The Triumph of Apollo 13. Retrieved on 1 January 2012. ↑ Lost Moon: The Triumph of Apollo 13. Retrieved on 1 January 2012. ↑ Film Casting that Might Have Been for John Travolta and Richard Gere. Retrieved on 1 January 2012. ↑ The character in the film is a composite of protocol officer Bob McMurrey, who relayed the request for permission to erect a TV tower to Marilyn Lovell, and an unnamed OPA staffer who made the request on the phone, to whom she personally denied it as Quinlan did to "Henry" in the film. "Henry" is also seen performing other OPA functions, such as conducting a press conference. Kluger, Jeffrey; Jim Lovell (July 1995). Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13, First Pocket Books printing, New York: Pocket Books, 118, 209–210, 387. ISBN 0-671-53464-5. ↑ Repertoire Of Horrors: The Films Of Roger Corman. Retrieved on 1 January 2012. ↑ Brad Pitt - A Quick Overview. Retrieved on 1 January 2012. ↑ 10. 0 10. 1 10. 2 10. 3 10. 4 Apollo 13: 2-Disc Anniversary Edition (Disc 1), Production Notes [DVD]. Universal Studios. ↑ 11. 0 11. 1 11. 2 11. 3 Production Notes (Press Release). IMAX. Retrieved on 9 April 2009. ↑ Ron Howard Weightless Again Over Apollo 13's DGA Win. Retrieved on 16 December 2011. ↑ Apollo 13 at AllMusic ↑ Filmtracks review ↑ review ↑ Tracksounds review ↑ Apollo 13 soundtrack review at Filmtracks. Retrieved 24 February 2011. ↑ History of IMAX. Retrieved on 11 February 2011. ↑ 19. 0 19. 1 19. 2 19. 3 19. 4 19. 5 19. 6 19. 7 Apollo 13 (1995). Box Office Mojo. Retrieved on 9 April 2009. ↑ Rotten Tomatoes – Apollo 13. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved on 24 August 2010. ↑ Apollo 13 Reviews. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved on 25 September 2011. ↑ " Apollo 13: Roger Ebert ", Chicago Suntimes. Retrieved on 11 April 2009. ↑ " Apollo 13:Review ", Time Magazine, 3 July 1995. [ dead link] ↑ Guthmann, Edward. " Apollo 13 Review: Story heroic, but it just doesn't fly. ", San Francisco Chronicle. ↑ Apollo 13 Review:Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved on 11 April 2009. ↑ Maslin, Janet (30 June 1995). Apollo 13, a Movie for the Fourth of July. NYT Critics' Pick. The New York Times. Retrieved on 30 September 2011. ↑ Howard, Ron (8 December 2008). A conversation about the film "Frost/Nixon". Charlie Rose show. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved on 8 December 2008. ↑ 28. 0 28. 1 28. 2 Apollo 13 Blu Ray Release. Universal Studios. Retrieved on 29 September 2011. ↑ Apollo 13 (DVD - 2005). Lethbridge Public Library. Retrieved on 30 December 2011. ↑ Symposium Awards. National Space Symposium. Retrieved on 26 April 2009. [ dead link] ↑ 31. 0 31. 1 AFI's 100 years... 100 quotes. AFI. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved on 13 April 2009. ↑ Page 167 of Apollo 13's transcript on Spacelog. Retrieved on 10 June 2011. ↑ ORIGIN OF APOLLO 13 QUOTE: "FAILURE IS NOT AN OPTION. ".. Retrieved on 4 April 2010. ↑ 34. 0 34. 1 34. 2 34. 3 William, Lena (19 July 1995). In Space, No Room For Fear. Retrieved on 30 September 2011.
Apollo 13 trailer. Apollo 13 Apollo 13's damaged service module, seen from the command module, as it was being jettisoned shortly before reentry Mission type Crewed lunar landing attempt ( H) Operator NASA COSPAR ID 1970-029A SATCAT no. 4371 [1] Mission duration 5 days, 22 hours, 54 minutes, 41 seconds [2] Spacecraft properties Spacecraft Apollo CSM -109 Apollo LM -7 Manufacturer CSM: North American Rockwell LM: Grumman Launch mass 45, 931 kilograms (101, 261 lb) [3] Landing mass 5, 050 kilograms (11, 133 lb) [4] Crew Crew size 3 Members James A. Lovell, Jr. John L. Swigert, Jr. Fred W. Haise, Jr. Callsign CM: Odyssey LM: Aquarius Start of mission Launch date April 11, 1970, 19:13:00 UTC Rocket Saturn V SA-508 Launch site Kennedy LC-39A End of mission Recovered by USS Iwo Jima Landing date April 17, 1970, 18:07:41 UTC Landing site South Pacific Ocean 21°38′24″S 165°21′42″W / 21. 64000°S 165. 36167°W Docking with LM Docking date April 11, 1970, 22:32:08 UTC Undocking date April 17, 1970, 16:43:00 UTC Lovell, Swigert, Haise Apollo program ← Apollo 12 Apollo 14 → Apollo 13 was the seventh crewed mission in the Apollo space program and the third meant to land on the Moon. The craft was launched from Kennedy Space Center on April 11, 1970, but the lunar landing was aborted after an oxygen tank in the service module (SM) failed two days into the mission. The crew instead looped around the Moon, and returned safely to Earth on April 17. The mission was commanded by Jim Lovell with Jack Swigert as command module (CM) pilot and Fred Haise as lunar module (LM) pilot. Swigert was a late replacement for Ken Mattingly, who was grounded after exposure to rubella. Accidental ignition of damaged wire insulation inside the oxygen tank as it was being routinely stirred caused an explosion that vented the tank's contents. Without oxygen, needed both for breathing and for generating electric power, the SM's propulsion and life support systems could not operate. The CM's systems had to be shut down to conserve its remaining resources for reentry, forcing the crew to transfer to the LM as a lifeboat. With the lunar landing canceled, mission controllers worked to bring the crew home alive. Although the LM was designed to support two men on the lunar surface for two days, Mission Control in Houston improvised new procedures so it could support three men for four days. The crew experienced great hardship caused by limited power, a chilly and wet cabin and a shortage of potable water. There was a critical need to adapt the CM's cartridges for the carbon dioxide removal system to work in the LM; the crew and mission controllers were successful in improvising a solution. The astronauts' peril briefly renewed interest in the Apollo program; tens of millions watched the splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean by television. An investigative review board found fault with preflight testing of the oxygen tank and the fact that Teflon was placed inside it. The board recommended changes, including minimizing the use of potentially combustible items inside the tank; this was done for Apollo 14. The story of Apollo 13 has been dramatized several times, most notably in the 1995 film Apollo 13. Background In 1961, U. S. President John F. Kennedy challenged his nation to land an astronaut on the Moon by the end of the decade, with a safe return to Earth. [5] NASA worked towards this goal incrementally, sending astronauts into space during Project Mercury and Project Gemini, leading up to the Apollo program. [6] The goal was achieved with Apollo 11, which landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the lunar surface while Michael Collins orbited the Moon in Command Module Columbia. The mission returned to Earth on July 24, 1969, fulfilling Kennedy's challenge. [5] NASA had contracted for fifteen Saturn V rockets to achieve the goal; at the time no one knew how many missions this would require. [7] Since success was obtained in 1969 with the sixth Saturn V on Apollo 11, nine rockets remained available for a hoped-for total of ten landings. After the excitement of Apollo 11, the general public grew apathetic towards the space program and Congress continued to cut NASA's budget; Apollo 20 was canceled. [8] Despite the successful lunar landing, the missions were considered so risky that astronauts could not afford life insurance to provide for their families if they died in space. [note 1] [9] Mission Operations Control Room during the TV broadcast just before the Apollo 13 accident. Astronaut Fred Haise is shown on the screen. Even before the first U. astronaut entered space in 1961, planning for a centralized facility to communicate with the spacecraft and monitor its performance had begun, for the most part the brainchild of Christopher C. Kraft, who became NASA's first flight director. During John Glenn 's Mercury Friendship 7 flight in February 1962 (the first crewed orbital flight by the U. ), Kraft was overruled by NASA managers. He was vindicated by post-mission analysis, and implemented a rule that during the mission, the flight director's word was absolute [10] —to overrule him, NASA would have to fire him on the spot. [11] Flight directors during Apollo had a one-sentence job description, "The flight director may take any actions necessary for crew safety and mission success. " [12] In 1965, Houston's Mission Control Center opened, in part designed by Kraft and now named for him. [10] In Mission Control, each flight controller, as well as monitoring telemetry from the spacecraft, was in communication via voice loop to specialists in a Staff Support Room (or "back room"), who focused on specific spacecraft systems. [11] Apollo 13 was to be the second H mission, meant to demonstrate precision lunar landings and explore specific sites on the Moon. [13] With Kennedy's goal accomplished by Apollo 11, and Apollo 12 demonstrating that the astronauts could perform a precision landing, mission planners were able to focus on more than just landing safely and having astronauts minimally trained in geology gather lunar samples to take home to Earth. There was a greater role for science on Apollo 13, especially for geology, something emphasized by the mission's motto, Ex luna, scientia (From the Moon, knowledge). [14] Astronauts and key Mission Control personnel Swigert, Lovell and Haise the day before launch Apollo 13's mission commander, Jim Lovell, was 42 years old at the time of the spaceflight, which was his fourth and last. He was a graduate of the United States Naval Academy and had been a naval aviator and test pilot before being selected for the second group of astronauts in 1962; he flew with Frank Borman in Gemini 7 in 1965 and Aldrin in Gemini 12 the following year before flying in Apollo 8 in 1968, the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon. [15] Jack Swigert, the command module pilot (CMP), was 38 years old and held a B. in mechanical engineering and an M. in aerospace science; he had served in the Air Force and in state Air National Guards, and was an engineering test pilot before being selected for the fifth group of astronauts in 1966. [16] Fred Haise, the lunar module pilot (LMP), was 35 years old. He held a B. in aeronautical engineering, had been a Marine Corps fighter pilot, and was a civilian research pilot for NASA when he was selected as a Group 5 astronaut. [17] Apollo 13 was Swigert's and Haise's only spaceflight. [18] According to the standard Apollo crew rotation, the prime crew for Apollo 13 would have been the backup crew [note 2] for Apollo 10 with Mercury and Gemini veteran Gordon Cooper in command, Donn F. Eisele as CMP and Edgar Mitchell as LMP. Deke Slayton, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, never intended to rotate Cooper and Eisele to a prime crew assignment, as both were out of favor – Cooper for his lax attitude towards training, and Eisele for incidents aboard Apollo 7 and an extramarital affair. He assigned them to the backup crew because no other veteran astronauts were available. [21] Slayton's original choices for Apollo 13 were Alan Shepard as commander, Stuart Roosa as CMP, and Mitchell as LMP. However, management felt Shepard needed more training time, as he had only recently resumed active status after surgery for an inner ear disorder, and had not flown since 1961. Thus Lovell's crew (himself, Haise and Ken Mattingly) having all backed up Apollo 11 and slated for Apollo 14, was swapped with Shepard's. [21] Swigert was originally CMP of Apollo 13's backup crew, with John Young as commander and Charles Duke as lunar module pilot. [22] Seven days before launch, Duke contracted rubella from a friend of his son. [23] This exposed both the prime and backup crews, who trained together. Of the five, only Mattingly was not immune through prior exposure. Normally, if any member of the prime crew had to be grounded, the remaining crew would be replaced as well, and the backup crew substituted, but Duke's illness ruled this out, [24] so two days before launch, Mattingly was replaced by Swigert. [16] Mattingly never developed rubella and later flew on Apollo 16. [25] For Apollo, a third crew of astronauts, known as the support crew, was designated in addition to the prime and backup crews used on projects Mercury and Gemini. Slayton created the support crews because James McDivitt, who would command Apollo 9, believed that, with preparation going on in facilities across the US, meetings that needed a member of the flight crew would be missed. Support crew members were to assist as directed by the mission commander. [26] Usually low in seniority, they assembled the mission's rules, flight plan, and checklists, and kept them updated; [27] [28] for Apollo 13, they were Vance D. Brand, Jack Lousma and either William R. Pogue or Joseph Kerwin. [note 3] [33] For Apollo 13, flight directors were: Gene Kranz, White team, [34] (the lead flight director); [35] [36] Glynn Lunney, Black team; Milt Windler, Maroon team and Gerry Griffin, Gold team. [34] The CAPCOMs (the person in Mission Control, during the Apollo program an astronaut, who was responsible for voice communications with the crew) [37] for Apollo 13 were Kerwin, Brand, Lousma, Young and Mattingly. [38] Mission insignia and call signs The Apollo 13 mission insignia depicts the Greek god of the Sun, Apollo, with three horses pulling his chariot across the face of the Moon, and the Earth seen in the distance. This is meant to symbolize the Apollo flights bringing the light of knowledge to all people. The mission motto, Ex luna, scientia (From the Moon, knowledge), appears. In choosing it, Lovell adapted the motto of his alma mater, the Naval Academy, Ex scientia, trident (From knowledge, sea power). [39] [40] On the patch, the mission number appeared in Roman numerals as Apollo XIII. It did not have to be modified after Mattingly's replacement by Swigert since it is one of only two Apollo mission insignia—the other being Apollo 11—not to include the names of the crew. It was designed by artist Lumen Martin Winter, who based it on a mural he had painted for The St. Regis Hotel in New York City. [41] The mural was later purchased by actor Tom Hanks, [42] who portrayed Lovell in the movie Apollo 13, and is now in the Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center in Illinois. [43] The mission's motto was in Lovell's mind when he chose the call sign Aquarius for the lunar module, taken from Aquarius, the bringer of water. [44] [45] Some in the media erroneously reported that the call sign was taken from a song by that name from the musical Hair. [45] [46] The command module's call sign, Odyssey, was chosen not only for its Homeric association but to refer to the recent movie, 2001: A Space Odyssey, based on a short story by science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke. [44] In his book, Lovell indicated he chose the name Odyssey because he liked the word and its definition: a long voyage with many changes of fortune. [45] Launch vehicle and spacecraft CSM-109 Odyssey being assembled and tested The Saturn V rocket used to carry Apollo 13 to the Moon was numbered SA-508, and was almost identical to those used on Apollo 8 through 12. [47] Including the spacecraft, the rocket weighed in at 2, 949, 136 kilograms (6, 501, 733 lb). [3] The S-IC stage's engines were rated to generate 440, 000 newtons (100, 000 lbf) less total thrust than Apollo 12's, though they remained within specifications. Extra propellant was carried as a test since future J missions to the Moon would require more propellant for their heavier payloads. This made the vehicle the heaviest yet flown by NASA and Apollo 13 was visibly slower to clear the launch tower than earlier missions. [48] The Apollo 13 spacecraft consisted of Command Module 109 and Service Module 109 (together CSM-109), called Odyssey, and Lunar Module 7 (LM-7), called Aquarius. Also considered part of the spacecraft were the launch escape system which would propel the command module (CM) to safety in the event of a problem during liftoff, and the Spacecraft–LM Adapter, numbered as SLA-16, which housed the lunar module (LM) during the first hours of the mission. [49] [50] The LM stages, CM and service module (SM) were received at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in June 1969; the portions of the Saturn V were received in June and July. Thereafter, testing and assembly proceeded, culminating with the rollout of the launch vehicle, with the spacecraft atop it, on December 15, 1969. [49] Apollo 13 was originally scheduled for launch on March 12, 1970; in January of that year NASA announced the mission would be postponed until April 11, both to allow more time for planning and to spread the Apollo missions over a longer period of time. [51] The plan was to have two Apollo flights per year, and was in response to budgetary constraints [52] that had recently seen the cancellation of Apollo 20. [53] Training and preparation Lovell practices deploying the flag The Apollo 13 prime crew undertook over 1, 000 hours of mission-specific training, more than five hours for every hour of the mission's ten-day planned duration. Each member of the prime crew spent over 400 hours in simulators of the CM and (for Lovell and Haise) of the LM at KSC and at Houston, some of which involved the flight controllers at Mission Control. [54] Flight controllers participated in many simulations of problems with the spacecraft in flight, which taught them how to react in an emergency. [11] Specialized simulators at other locations were also used by the crew members. [54] The astronauts of Apollo 11 had minimal time for geology training, with only six months between crew assignment and launch; higher priorities took much of their time. [55] Apollo 12 saw more such training, including practice in the field, using a CAPCOM and a simulated backroom of scientists, to whom the astronauts had to describe what they saw. [56] Scientist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt saw that there was limited enthusiasm for geology field trips. Believing an inspirational teacher was needed, Schmitt arranged for Lovell and Haise to meet his old professor, Caltech 's Lee Silver. The two astronauts, and backups Young and Duke, went on a field trip with Silver at their own time and expense. At the end of their week together, Lovell made Silver their geology mentor, who would be extensively involved in the geology planning for Apollo 13. [57] Farouk El-Baz oversaw the training of Mattingly and his backup, Swigert, which involved describing and photographing simulated lunar landmarks from airplanes. [58] El-Baz had all three prime crew astronauts describe geologic features they saw during their flights between Houston and KSC; Mattingly's enthusiasm caused other astronauts, such as Apollo 14's CMP, Roosa, to seek out El-Baz as a teacher. [59] Concerned about how close Apollo 11's LM, Eagle, had come to running out of propellant during its lunar descent, mission planners decided that beginning with Apollo 13, the CSM would bring the LM to the low orbit from which the landing attempt would commence. This was a change from Apollo 11 and 12, on which the LM made the burn to bring it to the lower orbit. The change was part of an effort to increase the amount of hover time available to the astronauts as the missions headed into rougher terrain. [60] The plan was to devote the first of the two four-hour lunar surface extravehicular activities (EVAs) to setting up the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) group of scientific instruments; during the second, Lovell and Haise would investigate Cone crater, near the planned landing site. [61] The two astronauts wore their spacesuits for some 20 walk-throughs of EVA procedures, including sample gathering and use of tools and other equipment. They flew in the " Vomit Comet " in simulated microgravity or lunar gravity, including practice in donning and doffing spacesuits. To prepare for the descent to the Moon's surface, Lovell flew the Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (LLTV). [62] Despite the fact that four of the five LLTVs and similar Lunar Landing Research Vehicles crashed during the course of the Apollo program, mission commanders considered flying them invaluable experience. [63] Experiments and scientific objectives Lovell (left) and Haise during geology training in Hawaii, January 1970 Apollo 13's designated landing site was near Fra Mauro crater; the Fra Mauro formation was believed to contain much material spattered by the impact that had filled the Imbrium basin early in the Moon's history. Dating it would provide information not only about the Moon, but about the Earth's early history. Such material was likely to be available at Cone crater, a site where an impact was believed to have drilled deep into the lunar regolith. [64] Apollo 11 had left a seismometer on the Moon, but the solar-powered unit did not survive its first two-week-long lunar night. The Apollo 12 astronauts also left one as part of its ALSEP, which was nuclear-powered. [65] Apollo 13 also carried a seismometer (known as the Passive Seismic Experiment, or PSE), similar to Apollo 12's, as part of its ALSEP, to be left on the Moon by the astronauts. [66] That seismometer was to be calibrated by the impact, after jettison, of the ascent stage of Apollo 13's LM, an object of known mass and velocity impacting at a known location. [67] Other ALSEP experiments on Apollo 13 included a Heat Flow Experiment (HFE), which would involve drilling two holes 3. 0 metres (10 ft) deep. [68] This was Haise's responsibility; he was also to drill a third hole of that depth for a core sample. [69] A Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment (CPLEE) measured the protons and electrons of solar origin reaching the Moon. [70] The package also included a Lunar Atmosphere Detector (LAD) [71] and a Dust Detector, to measure the accumulation of debris. [72] The Heat Flow Experiment and the CPLEE were flown for the first time on Apollo 13; the other experiments had been flown before. [69] Haise practices removing the fuel capsule from its transport cask mounted on the LM. The real cask sank unopened into the Pacific Ocean with its radioactive contents. To power the ALSEP, the SNAP-27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) was flown. Developed by the U. Atomic Energy Commission, SNAP-27 was first flown on Apollo 12. The fuel capsule contained about 3. 79 kilograms (8. 36 lb) of plutonium oxide. The cask placed around the capsule for transport to the Moon was built with heat shields of graphite and of beryllium, and with structural parts of titanium and of Inconel materials. Thus, it was built to withstand the heat of reentry into the Earth's atmosphere rather than pollute the air with plutonium in the event of an aborted mission. [73] A United States flag was also taken, to be erected on the Moon's surface. [74] For Apollo 11 and 12, the flag had been placed in a heat-resistant tube on the front landing leg; it was moved for Apollo 13 to the Modularized Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) in the LM descent stage. The structure to fly the flag on the airless Moon was improved from Apollo 12's. [75] Since Lovell and Haise were to undertake longer traverses than on the earlier missions, the tool carrier which the Apollo 12 astronauts had hand-carried was expanded, given two wheels, and dubbed the Modular Equipment Transporter. [76] For the first time, red stripes were placed on the helmet, arms and legs of the commander's A7L spacesuit. This was done as after Apollo 11, those reviewing the images taken had trouble distinguishing Armstrong from Aldrin, but the change was approved too late for Apollo 12. [77] New drink bags that attached inside the helmets and were to be sipped from as the astronauts walked on the Moon were demonstrated by Haise during Apollo 13's final television broadcast before the accident. [78] [79] Apollo 13's primary mission objectives were to: "Perform selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials in a preselected region of the Fra Mauro Formation. Deploy and activate an Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package. Develop man's capability to work in the lunar environment. Obtain photographs of candidate exploration sites. " [80] The astronauts were also to accomplish other photographic objectives, including of the Gegenschein from lunar orbit, and of the Moon itself on the journey back to Earth. Some of this photography was to be performed by Swigert as Lovell and Haise walked on the Moon. [81] Swigert was also to take photographs of the Lagrangian points of the Earth-Moon system. Apollo 13 had twelve cameras on board, including those for television and moving pictures. [69] The crew was also to downlink bistatic radar observations of the Moon. None of these was attempted because of the accident. [81] Flight of Apollo 13 The circumlunar trajectory followed by Apollo 13, drawn to scale; the accident occurred about 56 hours into the mission Apollo 13 spacecraft configuration during most of the journey Launch and translunar injection Apollo 13 launches from Kennedy Space Center, April 11, 1970 The mission was launched at the planned time, 2:13:00 pm EST (19:13:00 UTC) on April 11. An anomaly occurred when the second-stage, center (inboard) engine shut down about two minutes early. [82] [83] This was caused by severe pogo oscillations. Starting with Apollo 10, the vehicle's guidance system was designed to shut the engine down in response to chamber pressure excursions. [84] Pogo oscillations had occurred on Titan rockets (used during the Gemini program) and on previous Apollo missions, [85] [86] but on Apollo 13 they were amplified by an interaction with turbopump cavitation. [87] [88] A fix to prevent pogo was ready for the mission, but schedule pressure did not permit the hardware's integration into the Apollo 13 vehicle. [84] [89] A post-flight investigation revealed the engine was one cycle away from catastrophic failure. [84] In spite of the shutdown, the four outboard engines and the S-IVB third stage burned longer to compensate, and the vehicle achieved very close to the planned circular 190 kilometers (100 nmi) parking orbit, followed by a translunar injection (TLI) about two hours later, setting the mission on course for the Moon. [82] [83] After TLI, Swigert performed the separation and transposition maneuvers before docking the CSM Odyssey to the LM Aquarius, and the spacecraft pulled away from the third stage. Ground controllers then sent the third stage on a course to impact the Moon in range of the Apollo 12 seismometer, which it did just over three days into the mission. [91] The crew settled in for the three-day trip to Fra Mauro. At 30:40:50 into the mission, with the TV camera running, the crew performed a burn to place Apollo 13 on a hybrid trajectory. The departure from a free-return trajectory meant that if no further burns were performed, Apollo 13 would miss Earth on its return trajectory, rather than intercept it, as with a free return. [92] A free return trajectory could only reach sites near the lunar equator; a hybrid trajectory, which could be started at any point after TLI, allowed sites with higher latitudes, such as Fra Mauro, to be reached. [93] Communications were enlivened when Swigert realized that in the last-minute rush, he had omitted to file his federal income tax return (due April 15), and amid laughter from mission controllers, asked how he could get an extension. He was found to be entitled to a 60-day extension for being out of the country at the deadline. [94] Entry into the LM to test its systems had been scheduled for 58:00:00; when the crew awoke on the third day of the mission, they were informed it had been moved up three hours and was later moved up again by another hour. A television broadcast was scheduled for 55:00:00; Lovell, acting as emcee, showed the audience the interiors of Odyssey and Aquarius. [95] The audience was limited by the fact that none of the television networks were carrying the broadcast, [96] forcing Marilyn Lovell (Jim Lovell's wife) to go to the VIP room at Mission Control if she wanted to watch her husband and his crewmates. [97] Accident Approximately six and a half minutes after the TV broadcast – approaching 56:00:00 – Apollo 13 was about 180, 000 nautical miles (210, 000 mi; 330, 000 km) from Earth. [98] Haise was completing the shutdown of the LM after testing its systems while Lovell stowed the TV camera. Jack Lousma, the CAPCOM, sent minor instructions to Swigert, including changing the attitude of the craft to facilitate photography of Comet Bennett. [98] [99] The pressure sensor in one of the SM's oxygen tanks had earlier appeared to be malfunctioning, so Sy Liebergot (the EECOM, in charge of monitoring the CSM's electrical system) requested that the stirring fans in the tanks be activated. Normally this was done once daily; this additional stir would destratify the contents of the tanks, making the pressure readings more accurate. [98] The Flight Director, Kranz, had Liebergot wait a few minutes for the crew to settle down after the telecast, [100] then Lousma relayed the request to Swigert, who activated the switches controlling the fans, [98] and after a few seconds turned them off again. [99] Ninety-five seconds after Swigert activated those switches, [100] the astronauts heard a "pretty large bang", accompanied by fluctuations in electrical power and the firing of the attitude control thrusters. [101] [102] Communications and telemetry to Earth were lost for 1. 8 seconds, until the system automatically corrected by switching the high-gain S-band antenna, used for translunar communications, from narrow-beam to wide-beam mode. [103] The accident happened at 55:54:53; Swigert reported 26 seconds later, "Okay, Houston, we've had a problem here, " echoed at 55:55:42 by Lovell, "Houston, we've had a problem. We've had a Main B Bus undervolt. " [98] Lovell's initial thought on hearing the noise was that Haise had activated the LM's cabin-repressurization valve, which also produced a bang (Haise enjoyed doing so to startle his crewmates) but Lovell could see that Haise had no idea what had happened. Swigert initially thought that a meteoroid might have struck the LM, but he and Lovell quickly realized there was no leak. [104] The Main Bus B undervolt meant that there was insufficient voltage flowing from the SM's three power cells (fueled by hydrogen and oxygen piped from their respective tanks) to the second of the SM's two power distribution systems. Almost everything in the CSM required power. Although the bus momentarily returned to normal status, soon both buses A and B were short on voltage. Haise checked the status of the fuel cells, and found that two of them were dead. Mission rules forbade entering lunar orbit unless all fuel cells were operational. [105] In the minutes after the accident, there were several unusual readings, showing that tank 2 was empty and tank 1's pressure slowly falling, that the computer on the spacecraft had reset, and that the high-gain antenna was not working. Liebergot initially missed the worrying signs from tank 2 following the stir, as he was focusing on tank 1, believing that its reading would be a good guide to what was present in tank 2; so did controllers supporting him in the "back room". When Kranz questioned Liebergot on this he initially responded that there might be false readings due to an instrumentation problem; he was often teased about that in the years to come. [11] Lovell, looking out the window, reported "a gas of some sort" venting into space, making it clear that there was a serious problem. [106] Since the fuel cells needed oxygen to operate, when Oxygen Tank 1 ran dry, the remaining fuel cell would shut down, meaning the CSM's only significant sources of power and oxygen would be the CM's batteries and its oxygen "surge tank". These would be needed for the final hours of the mission, but the remaining fuel cell, already starved for oxygen, was drawing from the surge tank. Kranz ordered the surge tank isolated, saving its oxygen, but this meant that the remaining fuel cell would die within two hours, as the oxygen in tank 1 was consumed or leaked away. [105] The volume surrounding the spacecraft was filled with myriad small bits of debris from the accident, complicating any efforts to use the stars for navigation. [107] The mission's goal became simply getting the astronauts back to Earth alive. [108] Looping around the Moon This depiction of a direct abort (from a 1966 planning report) contemplates returning from a point much earlier in the mission, and closer to Earth, than where the Apollo 13 accident occurred. The lunar module had charged batteries and full oxygen tanks for use on the lunar surface, so Kranz directed that the astronauts power up the LM and use it as a "lifeboat" [11] – a scenario anticipated but considered unlikely. [109] Procedures for using the LM in this way had been developed by LM flight controllers after a training simulation for Apollo 10 in which the LM was needed for survival, but could not be powered up in time. [108] Had Apollo 13's accident occurred on the return voyage, with the LM already jettisoned, the astronauts would have died. [110] A key decision was the choice of return path. A "direct abort" would use the SM's main engine (the Service Propulsion System or SPS) to return before reaching the Moon. But the accident could have damaged the SPS, and the fuel cells would have to last at least another hour to meet its power requirements, so Kranz instead decided on a longer route: the spacecraft would swing around the Moon before heading back to Earth. Apollo 13 was on the hybrid trajectory which was to take it to Fra Mauro; it now needed to be brought back to a free return. The LM's Descent Propulsion System (DPS), although not as powerful as the SPS, could do this, but new software for Mission Control's computers needed to be written by technicians as it had never been contemplated that the CSM/LM spacecraft would have to be maneuvered by the DPS. As the CM was being shut down, Lovell copied down its guidance system's orientation information and performed hand calculations to transfer it to the LM's guidance system, which had been turned off; at his request Mission Control checked his figures. [108] [111] At 61:29:43. 49 the DPS burn of 34. 23 seconds took Apollo 13 back to a free return trajectory. [112] The Apollo 13 crew photographed the Moon out of the Lunar Module. The change would get Apollo 13 back to Earth in about four days' time – though with splashdown in the Indian Ocean, where NASA had few recovery forces. Jerry Bostick and other Flight Dynamics Officers (FIDOs) were anxious both to shorten the travel time and to move splashdown to the Pacific Ocean, where the main recovery forces were located. One option would shave 36 hours off the return time, but required jettisoning the SM; this would expose the CM's heat shield to space during the return journey, something for which it had not been designed. The FIDOs also proposed other solutions. After a meeting involving NASA officials and engineers, the senior individual present, Manned Spaceflight Center director Robert R. Gilruth, decided on a burn using the DPS, that would save 12 hours and land Apollo 13 in the Pacific. This "PC+2" burn would take place two hours after pericynthion, the closest approach to the Moon. [108] At pericynthion, Apollo 13 set the record (per the Guinness Book of World Records), which still stands, for the highest absolute altitude attained by a crewed spacecraft: 400, 171 kilometers (248, 655 mi) from Earth at 7:21 pm EST, April 14 (00:21:00 UTC April 15). [113] [note 4] While preparing for the burn the crew was told that the S-IVB had impacted the Moon as planned, leading Lovell to quip, "Well, at least something worked on this flight. " [116] [117] Kranz's White team of mission controllers, which had spent most of their time supporting other teams and developing the procedures urgently needed to get the astronauts home, took their consoles for the PC+2 procedure. [118] Normally, the accuracy of such a burn could be assured by checking the alignment Lovell had transferred to the LM's computer against the position of one of the stars astronauts used for navigation, but the light glinting off the many pieces of debris accompanying the spacecraft made that impractical. The astronauts used the one star available whose position could not be obscured – the Sun. Houston also informed them that the Moon would be centered in the commander's window of the LM as they made the burn, which was almost perfect – less than 0. 3 meters (a foot) per second off. [116] The burn, at 79:27:38. 95, lasted four minutes, 23 seconds. [119] The crew then shut down most LM systems to conserve consumables. [116] Return to earth Swigert with the rig improvised to adapt the CM's lithium hydroxide canisters for use in the LM The LM carried enough oxygen, but that still left the problem of removing carbon dioxide, which was absorbed by canisters of lithium hydroxide pellets. The LM's stock of canisters, meant to accommodate two astronauts for 45 hours on the Moon, was not enough to support three astronauts for the return journey to Earth. [120] The CM had enough canisters, but they were the wrong shape and size to work in the LM's equipment. Engineers on the ground devised a way to bridge the gap, using plastic, covers ripped from procedures manuals, duct tape, and other items. [121] [122] NASA engineers referred to the improvised device as "the mailbox". The procedure for building the device was read to the crew by CAPCOM Joe Kerwin over the course of an hour, and it was built by Swigert and Haise; carbon dioxide levels began dropping immediately. Lovell later described this improvisation as "a fine example of cooperation between ground and space". [123] Lovell tries to rest in the frigid spacecraft The CSM's electricity came from fuel cells that produced water as a byproduct, but the LM was powered by silver-zinc batteries, so both electrical power and water (needed for equipment cooling as well as drinking) would be critical. LM power consumption was reduced to the lowest level possible; [124] Swigert was able to fill some drinking bags with water from the CM's water tap, [116] but even assuming rationing of personal consumption, Haise initially calculated they would run out of water for cooling about five hours before reentry. This seemed acceptable because the systems of Apollo 11's LM, once jettisoned in lunar orbit, had continued to operate for seven to eight hours even with the water cut off. In the end, Apollo 13 returned to Earth with 12. 8 kilograms (28. 2 lb) of water remaining. [125] The crew's ration was 0. 2 liters of water per person per day; the three astronauts lost a total of 14 kilograms (31 lb) among them, and Haise developed a urinary tract infection. [126] [127] Apollo 13: Houston, We've Got a Problem (1970) — Documentary about the mission by NASA (28:21) Inside the darkened spacecraft, the temperature dropped as low as 3 °C (38 °F). Lovell considered having the crew don their spacesuits, but decided this would be too hot. Instead, Lovell and Haise wore their lunar EVA boots and Swigert put on an extra coverall. All three astronauts were cold, especially Swigert, who had got his feet wet while filling the water bags and had no lunar overshoes (since he had not been scheduled to walk on the Moon). As they had been told not to discharge their urine to space to avoid disturbing the trajectory, they had to store it in bags. Water condensed on the walls, though any condensation there may have been behind equipment panels [128] caused no problems, partly because of the extensive electrical insulation improvements instituted after the Apollo 1 fire. [129] Despite all this the crew voiced few complaints. [130] Flight controller John Aaron, along with Mattingly and several engineers and designers, devised a procedure for powering up the command module from full shutdown – something never intended to be done in flight, much less under Apollo 13's severe power and time constraints. [131] The astronauts implemented the procedure without apparent difficulty: Kranz later credited the fact that all three astronauts had been test pilots, accustomed to having to work in critical situations with their lives on the line, for their survival. [130] Reentry and splashdown Despite the accuracy of the transearth injection, the spacecraft slowly drifted off course, necessitating a correction. As the LM's guidance system had been shut down following the PC+2 burn, the crew was told to use the line between night and day on the Earth to guide them, a technique used on NASA's earth-orbit missions but never on the way back from the Moon. [130] This DPS burn, at 105:18:42 for 14 seconds, brought the projected entry flight path angle back within safe limits. Nevertheless, yet another burn was needed at 137:40:13, using the LM's reaction control system (RCS) thrusters, for 21. 5 seconds. The SM was jettisoned less than half an hour later, allowing the crew to see the damage for the first time, and photograph it. They reported that an entire panel was missing from the SM's exterior, the fuel cells above the oxygen tank shelf were tilted, that the high-gain antenna was damaged, and there was a considerable amount of debris elsewhere. [132] Haise could see damage to the SM's engine bell, validating Kranz's decision not to use the SPS. [130] Apollo 13 splashes down in the South Pacific on April 17, 1970 The last problem to be solved was how to separate the lunar module a safe distance away from the command module just before reentry. The normal procedure, in lunar orbit, was to release the LM then use the service module's RCS to pull the CSM away, but by this point the SM had already been released. Grumman, manufacturer of the LM, assigned a team of University of Toronto engineers, led by senior scientist Bernard Etkin, to solve the problem of how much air pressure to use to push the modules apart. The astronauts applied the solution, which was successful. [133] The LM reentered Earth's atmosphere and was destroyed, the remaining pieces falling in the deep ocean. [134] [135] Apollo 13's final midcourse correction had addressed the concerns of the Atomic Energy Commission, which wanted the cask containing the plutonium oxide intended for the SNAP-27 RTG to land in a safe place. The impact point was over the Tonga Trench in the Pacific, one of its deepest points, and the cask sank 10 kilometers (6 mi) to the bottom. Later helicopter surveys found no radioactive leakage. [130] Ionization of the air around the command module during reentry would typically cause a four-minute communications blackout. Apollo 13's shallow reentry path lengthened this to six minutes, longer than had been expected; controllers feared that the CM's heat shield had failed. [136] Odyssey regained radio contact and splashed down safely in the South Pacific Ocean, 21°38′24″S 165°21′42″W / 21. 36167°W, [137] southeast of American Samoa and 6. 5 km (3. 5 nmi) from the recovery ship, USS Iwo Jima. [138] Although fatigued, the crew was in good condition except for Haise, who was suffering from a serious urinary tract infection because of insufficient water intake. [127] The crew stayed overnight on the ship and flew to Pago Pago, Samoa, the next day. They flew to Hawaii, where President Richard Nixon awarded them the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor. [139] They stayed overnight, and then were flown back to Houston. [140] En route to Honolulu, President Nixon stopped at Houston to award the Presidential Medal of Freedom to the Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team. [141] He originally planned to give the award to NASA administrator Dr. Thomas O. Paine, but Paine recommended the mission operations team. [142] Public and media reaction Nobody believes me, but during this six-day odyssey we had no idea what an impression Apollo 13 made on the people of Earth. We never dreamed a billion people were following us on television and radio, and reading about us in banner headlines of every newspaper published. We still missed the point on board the carrier Iwo Jima, which picked us up, because the sailors had been as remote from the media as we were. Only when we reached Honolulu did we comprehend our impact: there we found President Nixon and [NASA Administrator] Dr. Paine to meet us, along with my wife Marilyn, Fred's wife Mary (who being pregnant, also had a doctor along just in case), and bachelor Jack's parents, in lieu of his usual airline stewardesses. — Jim Lovell [127] Worldwide interest in the Apollo program was reawakened by the incident; television coverage of which was seen by millions. Four Soviet ships headed toward the landing area to assist if needed, [143] and other nations offered assistance should the craft have to splash down elsewhere. [144] President Nixon canceled appointments, phoned the astronauts' families, and drove to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, where Apollo's tracking and communications were coordinated. [143] The rescue received more public attention than any spaceflight to that point, other than the first Moon landing on Apollo 11. There were worldwide headlines, and people surrounded television sets to get the latest developments, offered by networks who interrupted their regular programming for bulletins. Pope Paul VI led a congregation of 10, 000 people in praying for the astronauts' safe return; ten times that number offered prayers at a religious festival in India. [145] The United States Senate on April 14 passed a resolution urging businesses to pause at 9:00 pm local time that evening to allow for employee prayer. [143] An estimated 40 million Americans watched Apollo 13's splashdown, carried live on all three networks, with another 30 million watching some portion of the six and one-half hour telecast. Even more outside the U. watched. Jack Gould of The New York Times stated that Apollo 13, "which came so close to tragic disaster, in all probability united the world in mutual concern more fully than another successful landing on the Moon would have". [146] Investigation and response Review board Oxygen tank number 2, showing heater and thermostat unit Immediately upon the crew's return, NASA Administrator Paine and Deputy Administrator George Low appointed a review board – chaired by NASA Langley Research Center Director Edgar M. Cortright and including Neil Armstrong and six others [note 5] – to investigate the accident. The board's final report, sent to Paine on June 15, [148] found that the failure began in the service module's number 2 oxygen tank. [149] Damaged Teflon insulation on the wires to the stirring fan inside Oxygen Tank 2 allowed the wires to short-circuit and ignite this insulation. The resulting fire quickly increased pressure inside the tank and the tank dome failed, filling the fuel cell bay (SM Sector 4) with rapidly expanding gaseous oxygen and combustion products. The escaping gas was probably enough by itself to blow out the aluminum exterior panel to Sector 4, but combustion products generated as nearby insulation ignited would have added to the pressure. The panel's departure exposed the sector to space, snuffing out the fire, and it probably hit the nearby high-gain antenna, disrupting communications to Earth for 1. 8 seconds. [150] The sectors of the SM were not airtight from each other, and had there been time for the entire SM to become as pressurized as Sector 4, the force on the CM's heat shield would have separated the two modules. The report questioned the use of Teflon and other materials shown to be flammable in supercritical oxygen, such as aluminum, within the tank. [151] The board found no evidence pointing to any other theory of the accident. [152] Mechanical shock forced the oxygen valves closed on the number 1 and number 3 fuel cells, putting them out of commission. [153] The sudden failure of Oxygen Tank 2 compromised Oxygen Tank 1, causing its contents to leak out, possibly through a damaged line or valve, over the next 130 minutes, entirely depleting the SM's oxygen supply. [154] [155] With both SM oxygen tanks emptying, and with other damage to the SM, the mission had to be aborted. [156] The board praised the response to the emergency, "The imperfection in Apollo 13 constituted a near disaster, averted only by outstanding performance on the part of the crew and the ground control team which supported them. " [157] Oxygen Tank 2 was manufactured by the Beech Aircraft Company of Boulder, Colorado, as subcontractor to North American Rockwell (NAR) of Downey, California, prime contractor for the CSM. [158] It contained two thermostatic switches, originally designed for the command module's 28-volt DC power, but which could fail if subjected to the 65 volts used during ground testing at KSC. [159] Under the original 1962 specifications, the switches would be rated for 28 volts, but revised specifications issued in 1965 called for 65 volts to allow for quicker tank pressurization at KSC. Nonetheless, the switches Beech used were not rated for 65 volts. [160] Panel similar to the SM Sector 4 cover being ejected during a test performed as part of the investigation At NAR's facility, Oxygen Tank 2 had been originally installed in an oxygen shelf placed in the Apollo 10 service module, SM-106, but which was removed to fix a potential electromagnetic interference problem and another shelf substituted. During removal, the shelf was accidentally dropped at least 5 centimeters (2 in) because a retaining bolt had not been removed. The probability of damage from this was low, but it is possible that the fill line assembly was loose and made worse by the fall. After some retesting (which did not include filling the tank with liquid oxygen), in November 1968 the shelf was re-installed in SM-109, intended for Apollo 13, which was shipped to KSC in June 1969. [161] The Countdown Demonstration Test took place with SM-109 in its place near the top of the Saturn V and began on March 16, 1970. During the test, the cryogenic tanks were filled, but Oxygen Tank 2 could not be emptied through the normal drain line, and a report was written documenting the problem. After discussion among NASA and the contractors, attempts to empty the tank resumed on March 27. When it would not empty normally, the heaters in the tank were turned on to boil off the oxygen. The thermostatic switches were designed to prevent the heaters from raising the temperature higher than 27 °C (80 °F), but they failed under the 65-volt power supply applied. Temperatures on the heater tube within the tank may have reached 540 °C (1, 000 °F), most likely damaging the Teflon insulation. [159] The temperature gauge was not designed to read higher than 29 °C (85 °F), so the technician monitoring the procedure detected nothing unusual. This heating had been approved by Lovell and Mattingly of the prime crew, as well as by NASA managers and engineers. [162] [163] Replacement of the tank would have delayed the mission by at least a month. [126] The tank was filled with liquid oxygen again before launch; once electric power was connected, it was in a hazardous condition. [156] The board found that Swigert's activation of the Oxygen Tank 2 fan at the request of Mission Control caused an electrical arc that set the tank on fire. [164] The board conducted a test of an oxygen tank rigged with hot-wire ignitors that caused a rapid rise in temperature within the tank, after which it failed, producing telemetry similar to that seen with the Apollo 13 Oxygen Tank 2. [165] Tests with panels similar to the one that was seen to be missing on SM Sector 4 caused separation of the panel in the test apparatus. [166] Changes in response Redesigned oxygen tank for Apollo 14 For Apollo 14 and subsequent missions, the oxygen tank was redesigned, the thermostats being upgraded to handle the proper voltage. The heaters were retained since they were necessary to maintain oxygen pressure. The stirring fans, with their unsealed motors, were removed, which meant the oxygen quantity gauge was no longer accurate. This required adding a third tank so that no tank would go below half full. [167] The third tank was placed in Bay 1 of the SM, on the side opposite the other two, and was given an isolation valve that could isolate it from the fuel cells and from the other two oxygen tanks in an emergency, and allow it to feed the CM's environmental system only. The quantity probe was upgraded from aluminum to stainless steel. [168] All electrical wiring in Bay 4 was sheathed in stainless steel. The fuel cell oxygen supply valves were redesigned to isolate the Teflon-coated wiring from the oxygen. The spacecraft and Mission Control monitoring systems were modified to give more immediate and visible warnings of anomalies. [167] An emergency supply of 19 litres (5 US gal) of water was stored in the CM, and an emergency battery, identical to those that powered the LM's descent stage, was placed in the SM. The LM was modified to make transfer of power from LM to CM easier. [169] Devices were placed in the S-II second stage to counteract pogo oscillations. [170] Aftermath On February 5, 1971, Apollo 14 's LM, Antares, landed on the Moon with astronauts Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell aboard, near Fra Mauro, the site Apollo 13 had been intended to explore. [171] Haise served as CAPCOM during the descent to the Moon, [172] and during the second EVA, during which Shepard and Mitchell explored near Cone crater. [173] None of the Apollo 13 astronauts flew in space again. Lovell retired from NASA and the Navy in 1973, entering the private sector. [174] Swigert was to have flown on the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (the first joint mission with the Soviet Union) but was removed as part of the fallout from the Apollo 15 postal covers incident. He took a leave of absence from NASA in 1973 and left the agency to enter politics, being elected to the House of Representatives in 1982, but died of cancer before he could be sworn in. [175] Haise was slated to have been the commander of the canceled Apollo 19 mission, and flew the Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Tests before retiring from NASA in 1979. [176] Several experiments were completed even though the mission did not land on the Moon. [177] One involved the launch vehicle's S-IVB (the Saturn V's third stage) which on prior missions had been sent into solar orbit once detached. The seismometer left by Apollo 12 had detected frequent impacts of small objects onto the Moon, but larger impacts would yield more information about the Moon's crust, so it was decided that beginning with Apollo 13, the S-IVB would be crashed into the Moon. [178] The impact occurred at 77:56:40 into the mission and produced enough energy that the gain on the seismometer, 117 kilometers (73 mi) from the impact, had to be reduced. [91] An experiment to measure the amount of atmospheric electrical phenomena during the ascent to orbit – added after Apollo 12 was struck by lightning – returned data indicating a heightened risk during marginal weather. A series of photographs of Earth, taken to test whether cloud height could be determined from synchronous satellites, achieved the desired results. [177] The Apollo 13 command module Odyssey on display at the Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas The CM's interior components were removed during the investigation of the accident and reassembled into boilerplate BP-1102A, the water egress training module, which was subsequently on display at the Museum of Natural History and Science in Louisville, Kentucky, until 2000. Meanwhile, the exterior shell was displayed at the Musée de l'air et de l'espace, in Paris. The command module shell and the internal components were reassembled, and Odyssey is currently on display at the Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas. [179] Apollo 13 was called a "successful failure" by Lovell. [180] It has been repeatedly called, "NASA's finest hour". [181] [182] [183] [184] Author Colin Burgess wrote, "the life-or-death flight of Apollo 13 dramatically evinced the colossal risks inherent in manned spaceflight. Then, with the crew safely back on Earth, public apathy set in once again. " [185] William R. Compton, in his book about the Apollo Program, said of Apollo 13, "Only a heroic effort of real-time improvisation by mission operations teams saved the crew. " [186] Rick Houston and Milt Heflin, in their history of Mission Control, stated, "Apollo 13 proved mission control could bring those space voyagers back home again when their lives were on the line. " [187] Former NASA chief historian Roger D. Launius wrote, "More than any other incident in the history of spaceflight, recovery from this accident solidified the world’s belief in NASA’s capabilities". [188] Nevertheless, the accident convinced some officials, such as Manned Spaceflight Center director Gilruth, that if NASA kept sending astronauts on Apollo missions, some would inevitably be killed, and they called for as quick an end as possible to the program. [188] Nixon's advisers recommended canceling the remaining lunar missions, saying that a disaster in space would cost him political capital. [189] Budget cuts made such a decision easier, and during the pause after Apollo 13, two missions were canceled, meaning that the program ended with Apollo 17 in December 1972. [188] [190] Popular culture and media Command module replica used during Apollo 13 filming The 1974 movie Houston, We've Got a Problem, while set around the Apollo 13 incident, is a fictional drama about the crises faced by ground personnel when the emergency disrupts their work schedules and places further stress on their lives. Lovell publicly complained about the movie, saying it was "fictitious and in poor taste". [191] [192] "Houston... We've Got a Problem" was the title of an episode of the BBC documentary series A Life At Stake, broadcast in March 1978. This was an accurate, if simplified, reconstruction of the events. [193] In 1994, during the 25th anniversary of Apollo 11, PBS released a 90-minute documentary titled Apollo 13: To the Edge and Back. [194] [195] Following the flight, the crew planned to write a book, but they all left NASA without starting it. After Lovell retired in 1991, he was approached by journalist Jeffrey Kluger about writing a non-fiction account of the mission. Swigert died in 1982 and Haise was no longer interested in such a project. The resultant book, Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13, was published in 1994. [196] The next year, in 1995, a film adaptation of the book, Apollo 13, was released, directed by Ron Howard and starring Tom Hanks as Lovell, Bill Paxton as Haise, Kevin Bacon as Swigert, Gary Sinise as Mattingly, Ed Harris as Kranz, and Kathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Lovell. James Lovell, Kranz, and other principals have stated that this film depicted the events of the mission with reasonable accuracy, given that some dramatic license was taken. For example, the film changes the tense of Lovell's famous follow-up to Swigert's original words from, "Houston, we've had a problem" to " Houston, we have a problem ". [98] [197] The film also invented the phrase " Failure is not an option ", uttered by Harris as Kranz in the film; the phrase became so closely associated with Kranz that he used it for the title of his 2000 autobiography. [197] The film won two of the nine Academy Awards it was nominated for, Best Film Editing and Best Sound. [198] [199] In the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, co-produced by Hanks and Howard, the mission is dramatized in the episode "We Interrupt This Program". Rather than showing the incident from the crew's perspective as in the Apollo 13 feature film, it is instead presented from an Earth-bound perspective of television reporters competing for coverage of the event. [200] Gallery Lovell practices deploying the ALSEP during training The Apollo 13 launch vehicle being rolled out, December 1969 Lunar module Aquarius after it was jettisoned above the Earth Mission Control celebrates the successful splashdown The crew speaking with President Nixon shortly after their return Replica of the lunar plaque with Swigert's name that was to cover the one attached to Aquarius with Mattingly's name Notes ^ No Apollo astronaut flew without life insurance, but the policies were paid for by private third parties whose involvement was not publicized. [9] ^ The role of the backup crew was to train and be prepared to fly in the event something happened to the prime crew. [19] Backup crews, according to the rotation, were assigned as the prime crew three missions after their assignment as backups. [20] ^ Some sources list Kerwin [29] and others list Pogue as the third member [30] [31] [32] ^ The record was set because the Moon was nearly at its furthest from Earth during the mission. Apollo 13's unique free return trajectory caused it to go approximately 100 kilometers (60 mi) further from the lunar far side than other Apollo lunar missions, but this was a minor contribution to the record. [114] A reconstruction of the trajectory by astrodynamicist Daniel Adamo in 2009 records the furthest distance as 400, 046 kilometers (248, 577 mi) at 7:34 pm EST (00:34:13 UTC). Apollo 10 holds the record for second-furthest at a distance of 399, 806 kilometers (248, 428 mi). [115] ^ The others were Robert F. 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"TV: Millions of viewers end vigil for Apollo 13". p. 59. ^ Accident report, pp. 1-1–1-4. ^ Accident report, p. 15. ^ Accident report, p. 4-36. ^ Orloff & Harland 2006, pp. 372–373. ^ Accident report, pp. 5-6–5-7, 5-12–5-13. ^ Accident report, p. 4-37. ^ Accident report, p. 4-40. ^ Orloff & Harland 2006, p. 372. ^ Accident report, p. 4-43. ^ a b Orloff & Harland 2006, p. 375. ^ Accident report, p. ii. ^ Accident report, p. 4-2. ^ a b Accident report, p. 4-23. ^ Orloff & Harland 2006, p. 374. ^ Accident report, pp. 4-19, 4-21. ^ Chaikin 1998, pp. 330–331. ^ Williams, David R. "The Apollo 13 Accident". Retrieved December 31, 2012. ^ Chaikin 1998, p. 333. ^ Accident report, appendix F–H, pp. F-48–F-49. ^ Accident report, appendix F–H, pp. F-70–F-82. ^ a b Gatland 1976, p. 281. ^ Apollo 14 Press Kit 1971, pp. 96–97. ^ Apollo 14 Press Kit 1971, pp. 96–98. ^ Apollo 14 Press Kit 1971, p. 95. ^ "Apollo 14 mission". USRA. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved September 15, 2019. ^ Jones, Eric M., ed. (January 12, 2016). "Landing at Far Mauro". Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal. Retrieved November 24, 2019. ^ Jones, Eric M., ed. (September 29, 2017). "Climbing Cone Ridge – where are we? ". Retrieved November 24, 2019. ^ "Astronaut Bio: James A. Lovell". Archived from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016. ^ Carney, Emily (August 29, 2014). "For Jack Swigert, on his 83rd birthday". AmericaSpace. Retrieved November 24, 2019. ^ Howell, Elizabeth. "Astronaut Fred Haise: Apollo 13 Crewmember".. Retrieved November 24, 2019. ^ a b "Apollo 13 mission: Science experiments". Retrieved August 8, 2019. ^ Harland 1999, p. 50. ^ "Apollo 13 Capsule Headed for Kansas". The Manhattan Mercury. Manhattan, Kansas. December 29, 1996. p. A2 – via ^ Cortright 1975, pp. 247–249. ^ Shiflett, Kim (April 17, 2015). "Members of Apollo 13 Team Reflect on 'NASA's Finest Hour ' ". Retrieved June 16, 2018. ^ Foerman, Paul; Thompson, Lacy, eds. (April 2010). "Apollo 13 – NASA's 'successful failure ' " (PDF). Lagniappe. Hancock County, Mississippi: John C. Stennis Space Center. 5 (4): 5–7. Retrieved July 4, 2013. ^ Seil, Bill (July 5, 2005). "NASA's Finest Hour: Sy Liebergot recalls the race to save Apollo 13" (PDF). Boeing News Now. Boeing Company. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2012. ^ Chaikin 1998, p. 335. ^ Burgess 2019, p. 23. ^ Compton 1989, pp. 196–199. ^ Houston, Heflin & Aaron 2015, p. 199. ^ a b c Launius 2019, p. 187. ^ Chaikin 1998, p. 336. ^ Burgess 2019, pp. 22–27. ^ "Apollo 13 Movie Irks Lovell". The South Bend Tribune. South Bend, Indiana. February 28, 1974. p. 5 – via ^ Rosenwald, Michael S. (April 13, 2017). " ' Houston, we have a problem': The amazing history of the iconic Apollo 13 misquote". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. ^ Meades, Jonathan (March 26, 1978). "The Week in View". The Observer. London, England. p. 29 – via ^ "Wednesday Highlights". TV Week. Chicago, Illinois. July 17, 1994. p. 25 – via ^ "Space Specials at a Glance". Florida Today. Cocoa, Florida. p. 3 – via ^ Dunn, Marcia (December 11, 1994). "Lovell Describes the Dark Side of Moon Shots". The Post-Crescent. Appleton, Wisconsin. p. F-8 – via ^ a b Granath, Bob (April 17, 2015). Retrieved July 1, 2019. ^ "The Winners". The Herald-Palladium. Saint Joseph, Michigan. March 26, 1996. p. 4B – via ^ Barnes, Harper (February 14, 1996). " ' Braveheart', 'Apollo 13' Lead Oscar Nominees". St. Louis Post Dispatch. Louis, Missouri. p. 4A – via ^ Sterngold, James (April 5, 1998). "Tom Hanks Flies us to the Moon via HBO". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Santa Cruz, California. p. C-6 – via Sources Adamo, Daniel (2009). "The Elusive Human Maximum Altitude Record". Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly. Vol. 16 no. 4. ISSN 1065-7738. Apollo 13 Press Kit (PDF). : NASA. 1970. 70-50K. Apollo 14 Press Kit (PDF). 1971. 71-3K. Apollo Program Summary Report (PDF) (Report). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1975. JSC-09423. Barell, John (2016). Antarctic Adventures: Life Lessons from Polar Explorers. Balboa Press. ISBN 978-1-5043-6651-9. Benson, Charles D. ; Faherty, William Barnaby (1978). Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations (PDF). NASA History Series. SP-4204. Brooks, Courtney G. ; Grimwood, James M. ; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979). Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft (PDF). : Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA. ISBN 978-0-486-46756-6. LCCN 79001042. OCLC 4664449. NASA SP-4205. Burgess, Colin (2019). Shattered Dreams: The Lost and Canceled Space Missions (eBook ed. ). Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-1-4962-1422-5. Chaikin, Andrew (1998) [1994]. A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-024146-4. Compton, William David (1989). Where No Man has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions. OCLC 1045558568. SP-4214. Cooper, Henry S. F. (2013) [1972]. Thirteen: The Apollo Mission that Failed. New York: Open Road Integrated Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4804-6221-2. Cortright, Edgar M. (June 15, 1970). Report of Apollo 13 Review Board (PDF). NASA. Report of Apollo 13 Review Board, appendix F–H (PDF). Driscoll, Everly (April 4, 1970). "Apollo 13 to the highlands". Science News. 97 (14): 353–355. doi: 10. 2307/3954891. JSTOR 3954891. (subscription required) Flight Control Division (April 1970). Mission Operations Report (PDF). Houston, Texas: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. Gatland, Kenneth (1976). Manned Spacecraft (Second ed. New York: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-02-542820-1. Glenday, Craig, ed. (2010). Guinness World Records 2010. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-59337-2. Harland, David (1999). Exploring the Moon: The Apollo Expeditions. London; New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-099-6. Houston, Rick; Heflin, J. Milt; Aaron, John (2015). Go, Flight! : the Unsung Heroes of Mission Control, 1965–1992 (eBook ed. ISBN 978-0-8032-8494-4. Houston, We've Got a Problem (PDF). : NASA Office of Public Affairs. EP-76. Kranz, Gene (2000). Failure Is Not an Option: Mission Control from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-0079-0. Larsen, Curtis E. (May 22, 2008). NASA Experience with Pogo in Human Spaceflight Vehicles (PDF). NATO RTO Symposium ATV-152 on Limit-Cycle Oscillations and Other Amplitude-Limited, Self-Excited Vibrations. NASA Johnson Space Center. Norway. RTO-MP-AVT-152. Lattimer, Dick (1988) [1983]. All We Did Was Fly to the Moon. History-alive series. 1. Foreword by James A. Michener (2nd ed. Gainesville, Florida: Whispering Eagle Press. ISBN 978-0-9611228-0-5. LCCN 85222271. Launius, Roger D. (2019). Reaching for the Moon: A Short History of the Space Race (eBook ed. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-24516-5. Lovell, James A. (1975). "Chapter 13: "Houston, We've Had a Problem " " (PDF). In Cortright, Edgar M. (ed. Apollo Expeditions to the Moon (PDF). SP-350. Lovell, Jim; Kluger, Jeffrey (2000) [1994]. Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-05665-1. Mission Evaluation Team (September 1970). Apollo 13 Mission Report (PDF). Houston, Texas: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. MSC-02680. Morgan, Clay (2001). Shuttle–Mir (PDF). SP-4225. Orloff, Richard W. ; Harland, David M. (2006). Apollo: The Definitive Sourcebook. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-387-30043-6. Orloff, Richard W. (2000). Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference (PDF). : NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans. ISBN 978-0-16-050631-4. LCCN 00061677. OCLC 829406439. NASA SP-2000-4029. Phinney, William C. (2015). Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts (PDF). SP-2015-626. Slayton, Donald K. "Deke"; Cassutt, Michael (1994). Deke! U. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle (1st ed. New York: Forge. ISBN 978-0-312-85503-1. Turnill, Reginald (2003). The Moonlandings: An Eyewitness Account. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03535-4. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apollo 13. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Apollo 13 NASA reports "Apollo 13: Lunar exploration experiments and photography summary" (Original mission as planned) (PDF) NASA, February 1970 "Apollo 13 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription" (PDF) NASA, April 1970 Multimedia "Space Educators' Handbook Apollo 13" at NASA "Apollo 13: LIFE With the Lovell Family During 'NASA's Finest Hour'" – slideshow by Life magazine "Apollo 13: NASA's Finest Hour" – slideshow by Life magazine at the Internet Archive.
Apollo 13 film. Apollo 13 launch. Apollo 13 strain. Sure hope the camera men made it home safe too 🤷🏻♂️🤦🏻♂️. Apollo 13 dokument cz.
6:12 Love watching how it goes from sky to space.😊
Apollo 13 seedfinder. Apollo 13 astronauts. Apollo 13 en ligne depuis. There is a moment early in "Apollo 13" when astronaut Jim Lovell is taking some press on a tour of the Kennedy Space Center, and he brags that they have a computer "that fits in one room and can send out millions of instructions. " And I'm thinking to myself, hell, I'm writing this review on a better computer than the one that got us to the moon. "Apollo 13" inspires many reflections, and one of them is that America's space program was achieved with equipment that would look like tin cans today. Like Lindbergh, who crossed the Atlantic in the first plane he could string together that might make it, we went to the moon the moment we could, with the tools that were at hand. Advertisement Today, with new alloys, engines, fuels, computers and technology, it would be safer and cheaper - but we have lost the will. "Apollo 13" never really states its theme, except perhaps in one sentence of narration at the end, but the whole film is suffused with it: The space program was a really extraordinary thing, something to be proud of, and those who went into space were not just "heroes, " which is a cliché, but brave and resourceful. Those qualities were never demonstrated more dramatically than in the flight of the 13th Apollo mission in April 1970, when an oxygen tank exploded en route to the moon. The three astronauts on board - Jim Lovell, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert - were faced with the possibility of becoming marooned in space. Their oxygen could run out, they could be poisoned by carbon dioxide accumulations, or they could freeze to death. If somehow they were able to return to the Earth's atmosphere, they had to enter at precisely the right angle. Too steep an entry, and they would be incinerated; too shallow, and they would skip off the top of the atmosphere like a stone on a pond, and fly off forever into space. Ron Howard's film of this mission is directed with a single-mindedness and attention to detail that makes it riveting. He doesn't make the mistake of adding cornball little subplots to popularize the material; he knows he has a great story, and he tells it in a docudrama that feels like it was filmed on location in outer space. So convincing are the details, indeed, that I went back to look at "For All Mankind, " the great 1989 documentary directed by ex-astronaut Al Reinert, who co-wrote "Apollo 13. " It was an uncanny experience, like looking at the origins of the current picture. Countless details were exactly the same: the astronauts boarding the spacecraft, the lift-off, the inside of the cabin, the view from space, the chilling sight of their oxygen supply venting into space, even the little tape recorder floating in free-fall, playing country music. All these images are from the documentary, all look almost exactly the same in the movie, and that is why Howard has been at pains to emphasize that every shot in "Apollo 13" is new. No documentary footage was used. The special effects - models, animation, shots where the actors were made weightless by floating inside a descending airplane - have re-created the experience exactly. The astronauts are played by Tom Hanks (Lovell), Bill Paxton (Haise) and Kevin Bacon (Swigert). The pilot originally scheduled for the Apollo 13 mission was Ken Mattingly ( Gary Sinise), who was grounded because he had been exposed to the measles. The key figure at Houston Mission Control is Gene Kranz (Ed Harris). Clean-cut, crew-cut, wearing white collars even in space, the astronauts had been built up in the public mind as supermen, but as Tom Wolfe's book and Phil Kaufman's movie " The Right Stuff " revealed, they were more likely to be hot-shot test pilots (with the exception of John Glenn) than straight arrows. The movie begins with the surprise selection of Lovell's group to crew Apollo 13. We meet members of their families, particularly Marilyn Lovell (Kathleen Quinlan), we follow some of the training, and then the movie follows the ill-fated mission, in space and on the ground. Kranz, the Harris character, chain-smoking Camels, masterminds the ground effort to figure out how (and if) Apollo 13 can ever return. A scheme is dreamed up to shut down power in the space capsule and move the astronauts into the lunar exploratory module, as a sort of temporary lifeboat. The lunar lander will be jettisoned at the last minute, and the main capsule's weakened batteries may have enough power left to allow the crew to return alive. Meanwhile, the problem is to keep them from dying in space. A scrubber to clean carbon dioxide from the capsule's air supply is jerry-built out of materials on board (and you can see a guy holding one just like it in "For All Mankind"). And you begin to realize, as the astronauts swing around the dark side of the moon and head for home, that, given the enormity of the task of returning to Earth, their craft and equipment is only a little more adequate than the rocket sled in which Evil Knievel proposed to hurtle across Snake River Canyon at about the same time. Ron Howard has become a director who specializes in stories involving large groups of characters: "Cocoon, " " Parenthood, " " Backdraft, " " The Paper. " Those were all films that paid attention to the individual human stories involved; they were a triumph of construction, indeed, in keeping many stories afloat and interesting. With "Apollo 13, " he correctly decides that the story is in the mission. There is a useful counterpoint in the scenes involving Lovell's wife, waiting fearfully on the ground. (She tells their son, "Something broke on your daddy's spaceship, and he's going to have to turn around before he even gets to the moon. ") But Howard adds no additional side stories, no little parallel dramas, as a lesser director might have. This is a powerful story, one of the year's best films, told with great clarity and remarkable technical detail, and acted without pumped-up histrionics. It's about men trained to do a job, and doing a better one than anyone could have imagined. The buried message is: When we dialed down the space program, we lost something crucial to our vision. When I was a kid, they used to predict that by the year 2000, you'd be able to go to the moon. Nobody ever thought to predict that you'd be able to, but nobody would bother.
Apollo 130. Loved the davinci code and this. Apollo 12 art robert watts. Apollo 13 full movie. Apollo 17. Apollo 137. General Hummel before he took the rockets. Apollo 13 movie cast. Rest in peace Bill! You will be deeply miss. 0:48 Ah yes, can't you just remember when they launch the Soviet N-1 from an American launch pad for Apollo 13. Apollo 13 transcripts. Did i actually just watch a 50 min video and not even realize. Apollo 13 landing. Apollo 13 behind the scenes. Apollo 13 movie clips. Apollo 13 cast. Apollo 13 imdb. Apollo 136. Apollo 11. Apollo 13 mai.
Apollo 13 breath. Apollo 13 wiki. Apollo 13 commander. Apollo 13 soundtrack. Apollo 13, in my opinion, is one of the finest films of the 20th Century thanks to its incredible cast, emotionally tender direction from Ron Howard and James Horner's incredibly patriotic score to top it all off. It's 90s filmmaking at its very best; it balances practical effects with CGI perfectly in a way that just feels. right for Apollo 13 in particular because it's one of those movies that was at the 80s-90s Hollywood aesthetic crossroad.
The zero-gravity scenes in the Apollo 13 are still remarkable today thanks to the little 'trick' the filmmakers used to make it seem like the actors were really in space: controlling the trajectory of a plane by having it fly up and down in a way that they emulated the 'weightlessness' the astronauts experienced during the near-disaster that was Apollo 13. Gravity could almost be interpreted as a plot-point in the story: it shows that the Apollo 13's situation nearly spun right out of control and that without the help of NASA they wouldn't have been able to focus on their rescue effort; this essentially makes Apollo 13 a disaster movie that has three astronauts trying their damnedest to come back home: dear old planet Earth.
Apollo 13 is a classic for good reason: its sensual direction, the characters, the music and the space sequences are the stuff of cinematic dreams. And it all really happened. This is a story of human will, progress and fighting against the odds. It's remarkable stuff.
This is one of my all-time favorite movies. 5/5 stars.
OK and thanks. Apollo 13 crew members. Thought he said Eugene, thats what he was doing before the apocalypse although 50 years early.
Me and the boys coming up to our local Lockheed Martin for an f35
It's like that in the movie. First Kevin Bacon says: Hey, we have a problem here. and then Ton Hanks says: Houston we have a problem. Apollo 13 movie in hindi. Apollo 11 astronauts. I can watch this film over and over. Not only because I am so terribly interested in the exploration of space and the historical events that have taken place - but because it's a great film with excellent performances and a truth-telling style. Heck, even Lovell's wife dropping the wedding ring in the shower the day of the launch is true!
Just the fact that this film is true makes it even more enjoyable. It's hard to understand how in the hell one can make it back to Earth and survive with a fatally crippled space-craft. It's even harder to appreciate just how close they actually got to dying out there.
The performances are astounding. Ed Harris is just stupendous as Gene Krantz, and Tom Hanks, Kevin Bacon, Garty Sinise and Bill Paxton (who seems to always get the role as the whiner. are also great.
As Hanks put it: this story is one of the greatest ever. The question is, how do you get home? That question is as old as humanity itself.
You can tell he put his heart and soul into this one. And the fact that this happened to the American space explorers is hardly noticeable. Good job.
On the night of April 13th, 1970, when the oxygen tank in Apollo 13’s command module exploded, a 27-year-old engineer named Jerry Woodfill sat at his console in the Mission Evaluation Room at Johnson Space Center, monitoring the caution and warning system he helped create for the Apollo spacecraft. “It was 9:08 pm, and I looked at the console because it flickered a few times and then I saw a master alarm come on, ” Woodfill said, talking from his office at JSC where he has worked for almost 45 years. “Initially I thought something was wrong with the alarm system or the instrumentation, but then I heard Jack Swigert in my headset: “Houston, we’ve had a problem, ” and then a few moments later, Jim Lovell said the same thing. ” And so began the most perilous but eventually triumphant situation ever encountered in human spaceflight. 2010 is the 40th anniversary of Apollo 13, and Universe Today had the chance to talk with Woodfill about his role in Apollo 13, a mission which many believe should have ended fatally for astronauts Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, and Jack Swigert. But it didn’t, and the mission has come to be called a “successful failure. ” What things were responsible for that success – the overcoming of odds – to rescue of the crew? Since Woodfill was there in the thick of the action, he has some ideas on how to answer that question. But also, for the past 40 years he has studied the Apollo13 mission in intricate detail, examining all the various facets of the rescue by going through flight transcripts, debriefs, and other documents, plus he’s talked to many other people who worked during the mission. Fascinated by the turn of events and individuals involved who turned failure into success, Woodfill has come up with what he calls “13 Things That Saved Apollo 13. ” Over the next few weeks, we’ll share Woodfill’s insights and discuss each of those 13 turning points. What better way to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Apollo 13! But for today, besides giving our readers a preview of what is to come the next 13 days, we’ll take this opportunity introduce you to Jerry Woodfill. Jerry Woodfill working in the Apollo Mission Evaluation Room. Credit: Jerry Woodfill. While attending Rice University on a basketball scholarship, Woodfill was inspired by President John F. Kennedy’s famous “We Choose to go to the Moon” speech delivered at Rice. Woodfill turned in his basketball shoes and focused on his studies of electrical engineering, hoping to become part of the space program. He came on board at NASA just in time to work on helping to build the Apollo spacecraft. “I spent years working with contractors, engineers, flight controllers and astronauts on the caution and warning system, or the alarm systems for both the lunar lander as well as the command ship, ” Woodfill said. He compared the alarm system to the lights that come on in an automobile when the battery is low or the generator isn’t working. “We had to come up with the best means of telling the astronauts they had a problem. We had to make sure the alarm system worked right. ” Woodfill said that like most of the NASA team, he knew the workings of the command ship and lander more intimately than any of his college courses would have required, but that prepared him for any problems that might arise. The Mission Evaluation Room. Credit: Jerry Woodfill. During the Apollo missions Woodfill worked in the Mission Evaluation Room, which is NOT the Mission Operations Control Room (MOCR) or “Mission Control” as it is known. MER was in a building adjacent to the Mission Control building. Woodfill has written a webpage detailing the difference between the MER and MOCR. “We were an unsung group, ” Woodfill said. “We were there for mission support. We weren’t flight controllers, but we were experts. For other missions that were routine we didn’t play that big of a role, but for the Apollo 13 mission, we did play a role. ” Woodfill tends to downplay both his role and the importance of the MER. “Comparing the 1970s era MER to the Mission Operations Control Room would be akin to comparing the Queen Mary to a weekend boater’s cabin cruiser, ” he said. “Likewise, comparing my role in the rescue to Gene Kranz and Glen Lunney’s would be more incomparable. ” For a truly unbiased opinion, however, Chapter 11 of Jim Lovell’s book “Lost Moon” (renamed Apollo 13 after the movie of the same name came out in 1995) details how important the people in the Mission Evaluation Room were. Yes, the “MER-men” were important! While many may say the way Apollo 13 turned out was luck or a fortuitous turn of events, Woodfill said he tends to lean towards providence. Over the next 13 days, perhaps we’ll find out! And if Woodfill’s name is familiar to Universe Today readers, you may recall how he found the “lost” lesson plans of the teacher in space, Christa McAuliffe, and brought them “back to life” so to speak, as they are now being used by many teachers and Challenger Learning Centers. Listen to an interview of Jerry Woodfill that I did for the 365 Days of Astronomy podcast. Additional Articles in the “13 Things That Saved Apollo 13” that have now been posted: Part 1: Timing Part 2: The Hatch That Wouldn’t Close Part 3: Charlie Duke’s Measles Part 4: Using the LM for Propulsion Part 5: Unexplained Shutdown of the Saturn V Center Engine Part 6: Navigating by Earth’s Terminator Part 7: The Apollo 1 Fire Part 8: The Command Module Wasn’t Severed Part 9: Position of the Tanks Part 10: Duct Tape Part 11: A Hollywood Movie Part 12: Lunar Orbit Rendezvous Part 13: The Mission Operations Team Also: Your Questions about Apollo 13 Answered by Jerry Woodfill (Part 1) More Reader Questions about Apollo 13 Answered by Jerry Woodfill (part 2) Final Round of Apollo 13 Questions Answered by Jerry Woodfill (part 3) Never Before Published Images of Apollo 13’s Recovery.
Seventh manned mission in the American Apollo space program Echipajul Apollo 13 a fotografiat Luna prin ferestra superioară a modulului lunar; modulul de comandă este dezactivat Upload media Wikipedia Wikiquote Instance of human spaceflight Part of Apollo space program Call sign Odyssey ( Apollo Command/Service Module) Aquarius ( Apollo Lunar Module) Operator National Aeronautics and Space Administration Start point Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 Kennedy Space Center Space launch vehicle Saturn V UTC date of spacecraft launch 11 April 1970 Type of orbit geocentric orbit Significant event splashdown (1970, 21°38′24″S 165°21′42″W, Pacific Ocean) rocket launch ( Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, 1970) flyby (1970, 254 kilometre, Moon) docking and berthing of spacecraft (1970, 1970, Apollo Lunar Module) Mass 45, 931 kg ( takeoff) 5, 050 kg ( landing) Duration 514, 481 s Follows Apollo 12 Followed by Apollo 14 Different from Apollo 13 Authority control Q182252 VIAF ID: 173518895 GND ID: 4395414-5 Library of Congress authority ID: n88277429 BabelNet ID: 01010525n Reasonator PetScan Scholia Statistics Search depicted.
Coauthor - mike Wazyniak
Biography: Typical average ordinary working father/husband enjoying life
; release Year=2020. Id enjoy seeing this. The storyline seems to have my interest. Lets see to it that it becomes produced, may it be alive. I remember the song from Nirvana unplugged- Where did you sleep last night. The rhythm section watch movie online.
duration=2H 40 Minute India writed by=Prabhu Deva actor=Salman Khan. Movie dabangg 2.
YouTube. Watch full little mermaid 2 free. Lets be real here, we all thought Dolittle would flop. However i have seen it. It is magical and wonderful. Good for all the family. 9/10. 
I personally loved Dolittle. I family movie with lots of laughter and joy. I recommend. Level 1 This + Cats = a 170 Million loss for Universal. level 2 Some poor executive will be fired and only receive a 3 million severance over this level 2 If y'all are wasting money, can I have one? level 2 Honestly a shame that this is bringing Cats down, if you ignore the meme Cats is a wild ride and I think will legit be a cult movie going forward. level 2 Can I just like have. 250 million so I can pay off my taxes? level 2 Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha tooo funny! level 2 Maybe make better movies then level 2 Nobody liked the first Dr Dolittle... even children were bored as fuck... why remake this pile of trash and expect it to do anything but bomb? level 2 Better make a crappy comic book movie. level 1 Good. Stop churning out shit level 2 Came here to say that as well. It’s like they were banking off his name way too hard from being Ironman. level 2 Seriously. How long has it been since Doctor Fucking Dolittle was relevant? Nobody gave a shit when Eddie Murphy did it 20+ years ago, and nobody gives a shit now. I’m sure it has absolutely nothing to do with the fact that Dr. Dolittle is in the public domain, so nobody has to get paid royalties for it. level 2 You’re gonna love RDJs next film then. Sherlock Holmes Three: Electric Bugalee. level 1 Crazy that most people saw this coming, yet somehow million-dollar executives couldn’t. level 2 Happens all the time in entertainment. they need fresh blood.
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Die Wütenden - Les misÃrambles and rants.
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Stark, dass du IMDb einbeziehst 😏. Ütenden. Watch Die Wütenden - 2018 Online Full Watch Online Tube Die Wütenden - Les misérables hindi dubbed watch OnLinE. 3, 744 customer reviews There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later. June 4, 2018 Format: Kindle Edition Verified Purchase Thank God I got the Kindle version for my Kindle Keyboard 3G. I read through 12% of the book before wondering 'how long will it take me to finish!!? ". So I measured my reading speed pages-per-minute and estimated the total reading time for the entire book to be 64 hours. Seriously. So I took a different approach: I would read for an hour or two, then when fatigue started setting in, I pressed the "shift-sym" keyboard shortcut to activate text-to-speech, and just sat back or laid in bed while the kindle AI voice read it to me. This book famously takes place in France, and a lot of the names of people / places / streets are in French, so it's nice having the AI effortlessly pronounce them. My favorite was hearing it pronounce "Champs-Élysées" over and over again. It was pleasant, almost hypnotizing. Text-to-Speech allowed me to focus on the incredible story and not hassle through the pronunciations. Victor Hugo goes off on many tangents, such as 30+ page histories of the battle of waterloo, and the construction of the sewer system in Paris. It's quite fascinating and adds much to the story. There are many nuanced scenes that I continually go back to in my head, like the back passages behind the court room for transporting lawyers, and the one for transporting the criminals. And the ideas of whether a person can ever redeem themselves in society, contrasted with the situation that society is often times a poor judge of how to redeem oneself, and whether they should be deserving of redemption. It is an honest critique of criminal justice that is probably as relevant today as it was then. My understanding is that this "penguin classics" version has a better translation than the "free" version going around on the internet. It you're going to devote ~64 hours to an experience of life and death in old France, best put in a few bucks to get the best translation possible. For today's generation, the length of the story can be a bit jarring and leaves you wondering "will this story ever end? " I say this book is not at all to be treated as a story. It's not a television show. It's not a movie. It's not a musical. Les Miserables is an EXPERIENCE. So get the good version on Kindle, and have the AI voice continue the reading when fatigue starts to set in. November 27, 2015 Format: Kindle Edition Verified Purchase I advise those perusing these reviews to take with a measure of salt the dogmatic pronunciations on the quality of Rose's translation. Provenance is important, and one should always "consider the source. " (Yes, even with me. ) A number of interviews with Rose are available online, in which she discusses her work, and her work on this novel. The novel has a lengthy and detailed Translator's Preface, in which she discusses the novel, the translation process, and her approach to it. You also can find online some independent articles about this translation. The great translator of Spanish language literature, Edith Grossman, said: "I can't say what makes a book translatable, but I do think that all texts can be translated. The question of whether or not a work is "translatable" stems from a mistaken and widely held notion that a translation is really a one-for-one set of equivalences with the original--a straightforward lexical problem--when in fact it is a rewriting of the first text. Some, of course, are immensely difficult (they're usually just as difficult in the original) and challenge the translator's sensitivity to nuance, levels of meaning, and artistic impact in both languages. I see my work as translating meaning, not words. " Rose has spoken similarly about her work. "I think the essential difference is I'm not saying that translators always have to do this, there are reasons for departing a little bit further from a writer's text where it just won't work in English. I found on the contrary what really worked better in English was to follow Hugo much more closely than anyone else seems to have done. So I've actually followed his syntax as closely as possible, I've followed the rhythm of his sentences and I've actually broken it up the way he has and stuck more closely to what he says. " -- Julie Rose, interview, 2009 She's translated more than thirty French works into English -- plays, poetry, novels, genre fiction. She worked on Les Miserables for three years. She has been awarded three international prizes for her translations. I'm willing to take the leap of faith -- she is "fluent in French. " I recommend others accept the facts in plain sight, and do likewise. I stopped reading works in translation in the early 1980s, and didn't start up again until around 2005. The reason I stopped was that I concluded that I could not hear the author's voice in the translated work. The reason I started again was that Rose, Grossman, and some others showed that they understood this challenge, accepted it, and that it is possible to capture the author's voice in a translation, by actually listening to the author's intent. According to one account, the Rose translation is almost 100, 000 words longer than the 1976 Denny "translation" -- that's how much material he excised from the novel to "improve it. " Denny, in fact, is on record as saying that Victor Hugo was a terrible writer, and needed some "tidying up. " If you're just looking to pad your reading CV with another of the "great books, " then it doesn't matter which one you read. Might as well go with a shorter one. If you're looking to read the translation of Les Mis, that will make you feel like you are reading the original, hearing Victor Hugo's voice, then pick up Rose's translation. January 26, 2016 Format: Kindle Edition Verified Purchase I am by no means a scholar. I cannot compare translations as this is the first book by Victor Hugo that I've read. After seeing the musical I decided to read the book. I'm glad that I did it in this order. Having seen the musical I did not get lost in the book's twists and turns and I had patience when the story went off into different avenues. Likewise I could selectively read the sections on history. I have always been moved by the story's theme of morality based on law versus morality rooted in love. This book is unquestionably worth reading!! The development of the characters and their struggles are so rich that I found myself crying during parts of the book. While the musical is a moving and touching story, it is nothing compared to the book itself. The best compliment I can give to a book is that touched my life and that its main characters shall live on within my heart. My life is richer for having read this book. The many sections that I have highlighted I shall revisit over and over for years to come. December 15, 2016 Format: Flexibound Verified Purchase Who is responsible for this gorgeous design?? I can't tell you how gorgeous this book is in person. My father has a great love for all things Les Mis and when he saw my copy he fell in love. He begged me to give it to him but I love it to much! I just received a second copy that is his Christmas gift this year:) Les Mis is beautiful book anyways, this cover gives it the artwork it deserves. I read the entire book with this copy. I loved the placement, feel, and look of every page. 5 stars isn't enough! This is a truly stunning copy of this beautiful literary work. There are 3, 744 customer reviews and 4, 040 customer ratings.
Der Sneak-Preis (4,50) ist übrigens genau so teuer wie ein Yufka Chicken, welchen ich als köstlich bezeichnen würde. Ansonsten ein top Video... endlich sieht man den Prachtbuben mal. Die Wütenden - les miserables.
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